Van Helsing

The style Stoker uses to write the novel Dracula, in a series of diary/journal entries, newspaper clippings, letters, and other documents, makes the story more horrifying and suspenseful. This is because as written this way, the story becomes personal. The reader gets the feeling that the story he/she is reading is true. The novel takes on the persona of a case file, which makes the story stand out as a true account of actual events. It makes the reader feel that these terrifying events could actually happen. This style of writing contributes to character development because the characters' personalities are unveiled through the writing.For example, when Dr. Seward describes Renfield, one gets a closer look into the psyche of Dr. Seward. In this excerpt, even though the reader receives a description of Renfield, the description is only what Dr. Seward sees and feels. It is a first-hand account of what a character thinks and feels through his own writing. The reader does not learn abo ut Renfield in this excerpt, but learns about Dr. Seward. This is so because Dr. Seward makes certain conclusions about Renfield, which may or may not be true. Dr. Seward states what he sees, perhaps not what Renfield is actually like.Renfield is a patient at Dr. Seward's insane asylum. Renfield is described as a refined gentleman who eats live creatures such as insects and birds. He believes that eating these living things gives him their life-force. Renfield fed the flies to the spiders, then fed the spiders to the birds, stockpiling their life-force. When he was denied a cat to which to feed the birds, Renfield at the birds himself. Renfield was used by Stoker to drive the plot. It was through Renfield that the reader first learned about Count Dracula as a vampire and Count Dracula's dark world.Renfield helped Count Dracula at first, but betrayed him because he was in love with Mina. Renfield protected her, and it cost him his life. Renfield is also an image of the theme of relig ion and eternal life. Renfield ate living creatures in an attempt to reach eternal life. He thought he would live forever if he could steal others' life-force. This is the goal of the Christian faith, to achieve eternal life. However, Renfield wanted to physically live, while Christians look forward to their souls having eternal life. Renfield contributed to the conflict because he helped all of the characters in some way.For instance, Renfield helped Dr. Seward and Van Helsing realize what Count Dracula was. Renfield also helped Count Dracula lure Mina and Lucy to him. He also helped Mina to escape Count Dracula. Without Renfield, their would not be a story. Renfield contributed to the conflict most when he helped Count Dracula in his evil plans. Renfield came under Count Dracula's control when Count Dracula made an offer to give Renfield an unlimited supply of food if Renfield helped him. When confronted by Mina, Count Dracula's obsession, Renfield tells her to run away.Count Drac ula finds out about this and is so angry that he enters Renfield's cell and breaks his neck. Without Renfield, Count Dracula probably would not have been able to do most of the things he did. Religion, as a major theme of the novel, plays a large role. Many items and people are deemed either â€Å"holy† or â€Å"unholy. † For instance, Van Helsing could be considered â€Å"holy† and Dracula could be considered â€Å"unholy. † Van Helsing likens his mission of chasing Count Dracula to one of â€Å"the old knights of the Cross. † (pg. 508) Therefore, Van Helsing could be understood as a righteous man, doing the will of God to rid the world of a monster.Count Dracula is considered a satanic figure and Van Helsing suggests that Christian icons, such as a crucifix, are the most effective weapons against evil. Stoker uses religious symbolism because he intended Dracula to be a cautionary tale, such as an urban legend. Dracula was written at a time when s cientific and social advancements, such as Darwin's theory of evolution and women gaining more liberties, posed a threat to the traditional, religious way of life. Stoker decided to personify this threat in Dracula. In another passage, Van Helsing criticizes Dr.Seward for relying too heavily on reason. It could be argued that Van Helsing is the protector of tradition while Dr. Seward is a man of science. Van Helsing goes so far as to actually blame science for Dr. Seward's logic thinking. Van Helsing believes that one should rely heavily on faith, not science. This might connect to the novel's central theme of the consequences of modernity because science is a threat to religion like Count Dracula is a threat to the other characters in the story. – Stoker, Bram. Dracula. United Kingdom: Archibald Constable and Company. 1897.

Duke Ellington

Edward Kennedy â€Å"Duke† Ellington (April 29, 1899 – May 24, 1974) was an American composer, pianist, and bandleader. Duke Ellington was thought to be one of the most influential figures in jazz, if not in all American music. After his death in 1974, he became even more popular. He even received a special award citation from the Pulitzer Prize Board. Ellington called his music â€Å"American Music† rather than jazz. He liked to describe those who impressed him as â€Å"beyond category†. Those belonging to this group included many of the musicians who served with his orchestra. Some of his band members were among the giants of jazz and performed with Ellington's orchestra for decades. It was Duke Ellington, however, who melded them into one of the most well-known orchestral units in the history of jazz. He often composed specifically for the style and skills of these individuals. Some of these songs included â€Å"Jeep's Blues† for Johnny Hodges, â€Å"Concerto for Cootie† (â€Å"Do Nothing Till You Hear from Me†) for Cootie Williams and â€Å"The Mooche† for Tricky Sam Nanton. He also recorded songs written by his bandsmen, such as Juan Tizol's â€Å"Caravan† and â€Å"Perdido† which brought the â€Å"Spanish Tinge† to big-band jazz. After 1941, he began to collaborate with composer-arranger Billy Strayhorn. Ellington often referred to Billy Strayhorn as his â€Å"alter-ego†. Duke Ellington is considered one of the 20th century's best-known artists. He also recorded for many American record companies, and appeared in several films. Ellington and his orchestra toured the United States and Europe regularly before and after World War II. He led his band from 1923 until his death in 1974. His son, Mercer Ellington, continued touring with the band until his death from cancer in 1996. Paul Ellington, Mercer's youngest son, took over the orchestra in 1996. After his mother's passing, Paul Ellington took over the estate of Duke and Mercer Ellington. Duke Ellington

Mother Earth Essay

Our precious Mother Earth is the one who suffers the most because of the bad practices we do in our daily lives. We do not even consider how badly it will affect her as long as we are happy with what we are doing. We throw our garbage to places that are not supposed to be thrown at like the different bodies of water and in this case, we pollute our water and there is little clean water for us to drink. We are using up our non-renewable resources in such a short time without even thinking that it takes a very long time for nature to reproduce it. We are also cutting young and old trees without even planting new trees for replacement and because of this, flash floods and landslides happen. We continue using appliances that emit chlorofluorocarbons, which damages the ozone layer that protects us from the harmful UV rays. These are only some of the proofs that we are very selfish. We are selfish in the sense that we think only of ourselves and don’t even care about Mother Earth where in fact she is the very reason why we live peacefully and happily. We have to do something in return to Mother Earth for all of her sufferings. After all, we owe everything to her. Now is the time to repay her. However, how can we do this? We have to be contented, aware, disciplined and responsible so that we can take care of her properly and lessen her sufferings. First, we have to be disciplined enough to do what is good and what is bad for our environment. Second, by being aware in the sense that we have to know if what we are doing have good or bad effects to her. Third, be contented on what she has given us and do not want anything more that will cause you harm. Finally, be responsible for all your actions. Remember that what you do to Mother Earth comes back to you. And one more thing, Love Mother Earth and s he will love you back.

Music Piracy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Music Piracy - Research Paper Example The purpose is to misguide the customer that he or she is buying the original recording (Indian Music Industry, â€Å"What is Piracy?† par. 2). These are unsanctioned copies of music from genuine recordings for profit gain. Pirated CDs or music cassettes are named as Top Ten, Hollywood Hits or a combination of hit titles of various music companies. The pirated copy looks different than the original commercial release (Indian Music Industry, â€Å"What is Piracy?† par. 3). This is recording, copying, and selling of a musical performance like a live concert or broadcast without the authorization of the artist or the music company holding all copyrights of it (Indian Music Industry, â€Å"What is Piracy?† par. 4). End User Piracy – It is related to duplicating of software either from one computer to another, copying office software to home computer, borrowing software to make copies for selling purpose (Indian Music Industry, â€Å"What is Piracy?† par. 5). Reseller Piracy – It is deliberate reproduction with fake certificates for cheating the buyers assuming that they have purchased from the developing company (Indian Music Industry, â€Å"What is Piracy?† par. 6). Internet Piracy – Peer-to-peer (P2P) downloading encourages internet piracy. Individual requests for not sharing licensed material are not adhered to. It is illegal to copy a copyrighted album on P2P service. Downloading MP3s becomes infringement when files are distributed after conversion to MP3 from CDs (Indian Music Industry, â€Å"What is Piracy?† par. 7). The issue of music piracy can be related to the pre-digital age of 1970s when there were legal altercations between the owners of copyrights of films and music and suppliers of technology. In one such case between Ames Records and CBS, legal action was taken by CBS for infringement on its copyrights by Ames permitting subscribers to hire records on rent. Again in 1980s CBS took legal proceedings against

Gender Inequality in the Workforce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender Inequality in the Workforce - Essay Example This essay "Gender Inequality in the Workforce" outlines the gender stereotypes that may occur in the workplace and the reasons for it. Any preconception about a social group without any logical and reasonable evidence can be categorized as stereotypes. They also play a role in discrimination is work places. Both of these issues persist in work places today. This is mainly because of the diversity in the organizations. Today companies hire a diverse group of employees from different cultures and different genders. Because of this diversity issues like stereotypes and sexism come up regularly in organizations. Managers and employees working in the organization are also human beings and they also come from society. The influences on them cause them to think females as inferior. The idea that females are not equal to men is the root of discrimination in organizations. The mindset of the society is that women are not equal. There are specific roles which women are expected to perform in their lives and any change in those roles is not taken well by the society. Women working like men in offices are seen as changing their roles by the society. The manifestation of sexism and stereotype in organizations is in many forms. Firstly gender bias plays a role in recruitment. There are jobs that are considered more suitable for females and some jobs are considered more appropriate for males. Positions like typists and sectaries are suitable for women so these jobs are mostly given to women. This is a form of sexism and stereotyping. ... Before them they were considered unimportant to such an extent that their say in elections was not deemed important. Women are fighting with the same attitude even today in work places. The idea of female emancipation is not easy to digest for the society as a whole. Also people learn these attitudes at a very early age through social interactions. Managers and employees working in the organization are also human beings and they also come from society. The influences on them cause them to think females as inferior. The idea that females are not equal to men is the root of discrimination in organizations. The mindset of the society is that women are not equal. There are specific roles which women are expected to perform in their lives and any change in those roles is not taken well by the society. Women working like men in offices are seen as changing their roles by the society. The manifestation of sexism and stereotype in organizations is in many forms. Firstly gender bias plays a r ole in recruitment. There are jobs that are considered more suitable for females and some jobs are considered more appropriate for males. Positions like typists and sectaries are suitable for women so these jobs are mostly given to women. This is a form of sexism and stereotyping. Women are considered to have specific traits that suit these positions and that are why they are hired in these positions. There also other forms of sexism and stereotypes. Women face problem in acquiring top management positions in firms. This is because women are not seen as having authoritative nature. They are considered inferior to men and that is why they face discriminations in promotions. Another form of sexism is in daily activities of the company. In offices women face

Socciological Reasearch Proposal- Violence and gun control Term Paper

Socciological Reasearch Proposal- Violence and gun control - Term Paper Example ops as â€Å"armed forces† and the importance of maintaining our firepower has been identified throughout the human history, which the firearm has helped to shape. The father of the nation have identified the necessity of arming the citizen to protect themselves and made it a part of the constitution for them to possess arms However, comparing to other countries United States have more fatalities due to fire arm violence. It is widely observed that the United States has basically higher rates of gun violence because its gun control measures are not as rigid as those found in Great Britain, Australia and Japan. The rate of gun related homicides in United States is more along with other fatalities involving gun. â€Å"President Bill Clinton initiated a $15 million program directed at lowering the number of guns in and around housing projects. When the people bring guns to local police stations they received fifty dollars on each weapon; these were then destroyed† (Squires 2001) Gun violence is an issue of major concern in America. US have a high gun murder rate as compared to England and other countries where Gun control rules are stricter. Gun control has been a controversial issue for years. A vast majority of citizens believe that, if gun control is strictly enforced it would quickly reduce the threat of crime. According to(La Follette 2001) â€Å" Based upon the production data from manufacturers of fire arms there around 300 million firearms owned by citizens in the United States as of 2010. Among them, about 100 million are handguns†. This shows the rate of guns owned by the citizens and risk of violence prevalent in the country. He suggests that 16,272 murders occurred in the United States in the year of 2008. About 10,886 or 67% were performed with firearms. It is very important to ensure the safety of the public by implementing a gun control system. If the children find gun at home they can use by not knowing the consequences of it. A much planned law and

Essay on Art and Gender (topic given in instractions)

On Art and Gender (topic given in instractions) - Essay Example This meant that nakedness was in the beholder’s eye. Further, the woman was blamed for everything experienced and thus she was made a subservient of the man as a punishment (Berger 47). The idea of women being made as objects to be stared at was worsened during the renaissance period, where the moment of shame dominated. The Nudes directed the shame more at the viewer rather than at each other. With time, the shame was used as a display of some kind. Though secular subjects were in use, Nudes still maintained the implication that women were aware of being gazed at. Consequently, they were not naked in their personal right, rather as naked in the eyes of men. According to Jones, another factor of Western Modernity that made it difficult for women to establish themselves as artists is seen in Berger’s illustration of the average oil paintings of the Nude, where the key character was never painted; the male spectator of whom everything had been accomplished. The European c onvention of not painting women’s body hair was symbolic. To them, hair symbolized passion and power, yet males perceived that these were their features. This contributed to women’s sense of inferiority and thus they lacked the motivation to become artists (Jones 230). Other factors which made it difficult for women to establish themselves as artists in western modernity Linda Nochlin reveals the failure of art and how the Western male viewpoint affected the establishment of women as artists. She refers to John Stuart Mill’s concept of how he viewed male domination as a major source of social injustice. Nochlin bases her argument that white male subjectivity was a factor that undermined women progress. Since men perceived themselves as superior, they focused on more noticeable art works and disregarded any effort made by women. Research with talented women in art work demonstrates that internal barriers also limited women to establish themselves as artists. The way women were raised and the cultural biases they experienced led to such barriers and lack of developing the belief in self, essential for a determination to highly creative work. In fact, some women remained in the background, in undesirable positions, as enforcers of other people’s ideas (Johnson 245). Creative potential in a number of women may be associated to lower-profile work. As men produced great works of art, most talented women made unconscious or conscious decisions to implement such men’s work. Women with art potentials, who had the capability to capitalize on this prospective in their work always portrayed single-minded purpose, made hard choices regarding their lives, and lacked support systems to help them come out. Another limiting factor to women’s establishment was societal-based. Such factors influenced or became an obstruction to women development in art. Nochlin wonders why there are no great women artists. From her analysis of women achi evements in art, she illustrates that great art by women was often underrated or disregarded in history (Nochlin 161). Further, research shows that though rational stimulation in homes tended to play a key role in the advancement of art, most women were not practically motivated or even permitted to involve in intellectual pursuits by their peers or families. They were traditionally offered less education than their male counterparts, and the society

Research Proposal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Proposal - Assignment Example Why the difference in that, because logically as the millers make profit the farmers should also enjoy from the profit. Does it mean that the millers are behind the rise in the poverty level of the farmers or the farmers are the source to there poverty. The millers should always be in support of the farmers, this is because farmers need to be motivated to increase the amount off the cane production and this intern will lead to the millers’ increment in production. If the farmers are demoralized, they my opt for production of other food staffs hence may lead to the collapse of the sugar industries due to lack of raw material for production. The third argument is that the poverty experienced in the sugarcane farmers maybe as a result of the poor cane production skills (Evenson and Pingali, 2009). Due to these, farmers may use huge amount of capital for sugarcane production but having little return during the harvesting, hence need to reduce the cost of cane production. However for this to be achieved, the need for the farmers and millers working together is very important which in most cases is not easy as millers are only determined in maximizing on the profit and not concerned of the wellbeing of the farmers. The Kenyan government should deploy extension officers at various regions in the sugar belt who should have an initiative of giving farmers the skills in sugarcane management and production. This may improve the quality and quantity of the cane being produced in the region hence intern reducing the poverty level of the sugarcane farmers. One argument that is to be analyzed in this research topic is the issue whether the millers should also be concerned with the wellbeing of the sugarcane farmers or just concentrate on profit maximization in the expenses of the farmers. It is always advisable that the millers should treat the farmers with grate importance as this will determine the amount of profit they make.

Discussion question managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion question managment - Essay Example E-Business and e-commerce are related. E-business incorporate e-commerce in that e-commerce deal with money related issues of a business such as buying and selling of goods and services. However, the two differ in the sense that e-business central focus is on the functions that occur over the network while e-commerce focus is on the acquisition of extra revenue using the internet based financial platforms. The two terms cannot be used interchangeable. This is because e-business goes beyond financial matters while this is central focus of e-commerce (Harvey & Paul, 2001). B2B is a commerce transaction that involves business to business. B2C is a type of transaction that takes place between business and consumer and G2C is a transaction that involves a link between Government and private individual or resident. They differ in terms of volume of transactions involved and the level of the information n flow. B2B benefits from using the internet by increasing profitability. B2C benefit from internet because consumer are able to compare commodity prices easily and G2C use internet to reach the target group or

CWE Annotated Bibliography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CWE Annotated Bibliography - Essay Example This sets the wheel in motion for others to follow. I have no bias towards Robert F. Kennedy but the quote itself is a great one stressing on thinking differently and taking risks. It tells how once can achieve great feats by thinking out of the box. Most people tend to stick to the routine or bound by conventional thinking. They are afraid to take risks and believe in new possibilities. It is only when we move away from the laid out path that we can find new lands. So it only by thinking out of the traditional mould and embracing new thinking and possibilities that we can achieve great things. Again, you cant connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life. – Steve Jobs This is one of the famous quotes from Steve Jobs’ Stanford Commencement Speech. In this quote, Steve Jobs asks his audience to follow their heart and do what they enjoy the most. Most people fail to understand their true talents because they are too afraid to follow their instincts or guts. What you instincts say might not make much of logical sense at the moment but years down the line everything will seem to be perfect. It is only when you believe in your instincts that you will be able to live a life to your full

The Individual Access to Health and Social Care Essay

The Individual Access to Health and Social Care - Essay Example This was actually because of dementia, that she was developing. Not knowing this, she started withdrawing from life. She might have been afraid to walk or talk because she was forgetting the way to the bathroom and the face of her neighbor. Because of her learning disability, she was unable to communicate these problems with the doctors and nurses. This is the key issue regarding our system of health care, which is insensitive to the needs of those who require special attention, like Sarah. This becomes a problem in the society considering the fact that â€Å"the prevalence of dementia among people with a learning disability can be four times higher than found in the general population (Keady, Clarke and Page, 2007, p.189).A patient with the learning disability can have a set of problems related with cognition and corresponding behavior. Hence, definitions for learning disability vary according to specific contexts. For example, psychologists say that there is a â€Å"specific lear ning disability† or SLD when an individual has a â€Å"problem in understanding or in using spoken or written language†. Another definition says that it is a â€Å"difficulty in more than one of the psychological processes involved in understanding or using language in a person of average to above average intelligence† (Boyle and Contadino, 1998, p.78). Some warning signs for learning disability in a child can be problems related with language, memory, attention and motor skills (Boyles and Contadino, 1998, p.66).... This is the key issue regarding our system of health care, which is insensitive to the needs of those who require special attention, like Sarah. This becomes a problem in the society considering the fact that â€Å"the prevalence of dementia among people with a learning disability can be four times higher than found in the general population (Keady, Clarke and Page, 2007, p.189). A patient with learning disability can have a set of problems related with cognition and corresponding behavior. Hence, definitions for learning disability vary according to specific contexts. For example, psychologists say that there is a â€Å"specific learning disability† or SLD, when an individual has a â€Å"problem in understanding or in using spoken or written language† (Boyles and Contadino, 1998, p.62). Another definition says that it is a â€Å"difficulty in more than one of the psychological processes involved in understanding or using language in a person of average to above avera ge intelligence† (Boyle and Contadino, 1998, p.78). Some warning signs for learning disability in a child can be problems related with language, memory, attention and motor skills (Boyles and Contadino, 1998, p.66). The overall consequences of learning disability can be: A significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information, to learn new skills (impaired intelligence) with; A reduced ability to cope independently (impaired social functioning); Which started before adulthood, with lasting effect on development (Corbett, 2007, p.2). As the patients with learning disability are a group so diverse, they need â€Å"at various times throughout life†, â€Å"varying levels of support† (Corbett, 2007, p.3). Hence it is very

Motivation in the Workplace Essay Example for Free

Motivation in the Workplace Essay Motivation is difficult to explain and practice. However motivation is still the one thing that makes people productive in their jobs. Whether the motivation is tangible or not, it all depends on the individual and how management takes the information and applies it. There are many theories and practices that can be studied and applied to any situation. Motivational theories are studied and practiced by theorists and companies to increase productivity. According to Jerald Greenberg (1999) scientist have defined motivations â€Å"as the process of arousing, directing and maintaining behavior towards a goal†. The act of arousing is related to the desire and vigor to produce. Directing is the election of behavior, and maintenance is the inclination to behave a certain manner until the desired outcome is met (Greenberg 1999). Much of the motivation theories will be related to the definition provided. Some major motivation theories along with the method to successfully motivate employees will be introduced. The theory and method that a manager may choose to use will depend on the environment and on the individual. There are two types of motivation theories content and process. The Content theories are based on the basic need and drives. The other theories focus on the process by which people are motivated (Pepitone, 1999). Content theories of motivation focus on this question: What causes behavior to occur and stop? The answers usually center on (1) the needs, motives or desires that drive pressure and forces employees to action and (2)employees relationships to the incentive that lead, induce, pull and persuade them to perform. The needs or motives are internal to the individual. They cause people to choose a specific course of action to satisfy a need. Incentives are external factors that give value or utility to the goal or outcome of the employees behavior (Pepitone, 1999). Abraham H. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a content motivational theory. Maslow’s basis was human behavior. He conducted his investigation between 1939 and 1943. The hierarchy of needs has five sets of goals that are called basic needs. Maslow’s idea was â€Å" people will not be healthy and well-adjusted unless they have their needs met† (Greenberg 1999). Maslow arranged the needs in different levels in order of importance. As in a hierarchy the lower level are the most basic needs and the top are the higher level needs. Looking at the figure below one can see how the hierarchy works. The lower order needs must be met before proceeding to the higher order needs. According to Greenberg (1999), Maslow’s needs are in the following order: physiological need, safety need, social need, esteem need, and self-actualization. Man’s basic needs are physiological, for example, hunger, thirst, sleep, etc. When these are satisfied they are replaced by safety needs reflecting ones desire for protection against danger or deprivation. These in turn, when satisfied are replaced by the need for love or belonging to, which are functions of man’s desire to belong to a group, to give and receive friendship and to associate happily with people. When these needs have been satisfied, the esteem needs seeks to be met. One desires self -esteem and self-respect, which are affected by a person’s standing reputation, and his need for recognition and appreciation. Finally, individuals have a need for self-actualization or a desire for self-fulfillment. The urge by individuals for self-development, creativity and job satisfaction (Boeree 1999) In the past, management rewards systems have attempted to satisfy an individual’s lower level needs for safety and physiological security, for protection against deprivation and the threat to a worker or his family. However, management rewards systems should be, aiming to satisfy the individual’s actual need (Boeree 1999). When believed that a certain reward is important and can be attained, the individual will demonstrate a given amount of effort. This in turn will be demonstrated in performance. The link between effort, performance and expectancy is about accomplishing the task. The links between the performance and reward are connected. One’s assumption for whether the rewards are available if the person worked effectively describes the link. In this link the manager/organization is responsible of acknowledging the performance of the employee. If the manager/organizatio n does not acknowledge the employee, there can be a breakdown in the motivation. The acknowledgment needs to be direct, strong, and immediate. Employees usually determine in advance what their behavior may accomplish and the value they place on alternative possible accomplishments or outcomes. Goal setting theory is the specification of goal to increase performance. Assigning difficult goals usually result in higher performance. Goal setting has three components that have to be used to successfully apply this concept. First the identification of the process, then the characteristics and finally the feedback. The characteristics of goal setting consist of making the goal specific and challenging. The goal must be challenging to increase self-efficacy. It has been noted that a difficult task tends to increase an employee’s performance. This may be because usually people work harder to reach a challenging goal as long it is believed that it can be done. Lastly, feedback will allow people to be informed of their progress. This stage usually included praises about the good job that has been done (Wheaton Cameron, 1998). The descriptions of content and process theories of motivation dealing with organizational and individual behavior are briefly explained. The explanation is only a basis for a better understanding on why and how to approach the concept of motivating employees. All the theories conclude that the manner that managers perceive their organizations and their employees affect their productivity. Whether they are private, public or non-profit organization their aim is to be productive and effective. When looking at the different sectors, they have different goals and objectives, and therefore they must take different approaches in management. Though this may be true we must also acknowledge that all sectors require one to motivate their staff to produce. As managers we must into consideration the different type of individual that make up our organizations. One must modify management styles and behaviors. Dr. Renis Likert has researched many organizations and developed an effective manner to motivate employees and have a productive organization. He has identified four management styles that he feels should be a part of management style in an organization. First exploitive style is where management makes all the decisions and the lower levels are given no power this style has an authoritative approach. The second is the benevolent style that has an authoritative approach, however in this case the management has some trust. The consultative style has substantial amount of trust in their staff. The staff is motivated by reward and some involvement. There is some communication and teamwork involved. Lastly the participative style is more of the group approach. Management has confidences in their staff and the staff feels responsible in accomplishing the organizations mission. This style encourages communication and teamwork. The participative style is the best approach for profit and customer service organizations. Organizations should make the transition to train management to motivate their staff using the participative approach (Cook 1991). As a manager it is difficult to motivate your staff to be productive; however, using certain methods can create a positive environment. It was thought that money motivated people but that has changed. Much of the theories discussed before deal with individual behaviors and needs. One can conclude that motivation is internal and as employers one must make observations and decide what each individual desires. According to Cook (1991) manager must give their staff as much as an organization can. Many employees want to have benefits and security, however; what happens after a job has provided those needs. Remember that Maslow theory has the five needs of an individual and they do not all deal with the necessary needs. As an employer identifying what stage your employee is in will help in putting a plan into action. Collaboration is a way to give employees the feeling of importance. Eliminating any kind of obstacle will create an atmosphere that your staff is eager to perform (Bruce, A. Pepitone, J. 1999). Another approach is educating your employees and matches them to projects that they find interesting and those on which they are knowledgeable. Employees are willing to work harder on projects that they can relate to. This will also increase their success rate that will help in improving their self-esteem. Yet another way to increase productivity is with empowerment. Giving people the choice to make decisions and giving them the tools and supports to their job will increase the inner motivation force within the employees. Encourage staff to satisfy their need for affiliation and create a relationship with the employee to be part of the organizations mission. It is difficult to motivate employees when a manager’s view is negative. For instance a manager’s behavior is explained with McGregors Theory X or Theory Y. In this case a manager must identify what style of managing is most effective. Building morale is an important concept when motivating employees. Morale will help create productivity in an organization. Developing a shared vision is a way to begin building morale. For instance as managers, one must communicate views honestly a directly during discussion with employees about performance. Make sure they have the necessary information to do their job. Allow employees to influence their own performance goals. Get out of the offi ce, be visible and accessible. Communicate a clear view of the long-range direction of the organization. Listen carefully and consider the opinions of others open-mindedly before evaluating staff. Communicate high personal standards informally with day-to-day contact. Remember to acknowledge the progress that the staff has achieved either with certificates, a note or just a tap on the shoulder. The staff wants to be told that they are doing a good job (Pepitone Bruce, 1999). Again empowering staff requires some basic principles. Inform the staff what their responsibilities are. Give them authority equal to their responsibilities. Set standards of excellence. Provide people with training that will enable them to meet these standards. Provide feedback on performance. Recognize them for their achievements. Trust and treat them with dignity and respect (Nelson 1997). Showing staff that management is listening and affirming that you understand their view will create positive work environment. The language that use is also very important. Using â€Å"we† and â€Å"us† when speaking of the organization this will make the staff feel a part of the organization, thus improving the productivity of the staff. Encourage employees to make suggestion no matter how small the idea may be, and this will create a comfortable environment and inspire more significant ideas (Cook 1991). It is important to point out, however, that motivation must be used wisely. The misuse of some theories and techniques could result in negative consequences. Remember that employees who receive rewards on performance tend to perform better than employees in groups where rewards are not based on performance. Understanding the causes of human behavior can predict the behavior to the extent that the behavior can be controlled. Therefore, if managers understand the relationship between incentives, motivation, and productivity, they should be able to predict the behavior of their employees. Consequently, managers who know this, and know how to apply given incentive, can expect to realize increased productivity from employees. Today, 70% of employees are less motivated while 50% only put enough effort into their work to keep their job (Spitzer 1995). Many managers are not sure of the technique to use to motivate their staff. The best way to find what motivates staff is to ask them directly. This may be done informally or during performance evaluations. Find out what he/she wants from the organization and what makes them happy. A happy employee will be more productive than an unhappy one. If there has been a problem with absenteeism it may be because the organization is not fulfilling their needs. Whether it is need for achievement, the need for power, the need for affiliation, or the basic needs as studied by Herzberg, McClelland, or Maslow as a manager must examine and modify the management approach. References Boeree, C. George (2006) Abraham Maslow. Available: http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/maslow.html Cook, M. (1991). 10-Minute Guide to Motivating People. New York: Alpha Book Greenberg, J. (1999) Managing Behavior in Organizational (2nd Ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall Learning, Reinforcement, Reward System and Self-Management Teams. Available: www.emporio.edu Nelson, B (1997). 1001 Ways to Energize Employees. New York: Workman Publishing Pepitone, J. Bruce, A. (1999) Motivating Employees. New York: McGraw Hill Spitzer, D. (1995). Super Motivation. New York: AMACON. Wheaton Cameron.(1998) Developing Management Skills 4th Ed. Addison –Wesley Inc

Nightmare Before Christmas | Analysis

Nightmare Before Christmas | Analysis Tim Burton rings in my ears as one of Hollywoods most eccentric directors. There is a distinct and unique phenomenon in his films: the genre of his most films are between animation films and real person films; his animation films overturn the world of traditional fairy tales, showing the darkness of horror, but did not give us the feel of fear. Nightmare before Christmas, which reflects his typical paradigm, is a fantasy mixed of horror, magic, darkness, holidays, the jolly guys, and an interesting skeleton. The features of Nightmare before Christmas have a similarity with Bakhtins theory of carnivalesque. In Bakhtins view, everyone lives a carnivalistic life as long as those carnival laws. His feel of carnival is full of grotesque realism, which can get rid of the horrable things in the world. And the grotesque style can also turn the world into a bright and cheerful one. (Bakhtin,1989). There is always a feel of carnival surrounded in Nightmare before Christmas. Because of the feel, audience can get away from the fear successfully. On the other hand, Bakhtin believes that carnivalistic life is a life drawing out of its usual rut; it is to some extent life turned inside out, the reverse side of the world.( Bakhtin,1989) Similarly, Burton sets two worlds to make a comparision: the human world and underground world; the grotesque world of Halloween and the happy world of Christmas. The confrontation of the two worlds represents Burtons inclination. The happy world is boring while the eerie wolrd is vivid and interesting. In my Nightmare before Christmas lingers on the edge of conventional culture and popular culture, it challenges the conventional culture and queries on the popular culture. So Burton makes an utmost effort to prove the rationality of his subversion in this film. It takes delight in talking about Burtons Gothic darkness of horror. The story happens in the world of ghosts and monsters where we are totally un familiar. The vampire bats, red eye demon , black monsters and even the wretched green, these gothic images are everywhere in the film. They stand in stark contrast to the simplicity of traditional animation films. However, the audience feel more closer to them and come to realize their subsistence status trenchantly. The American animation films have a heroism complex, but Burton deconstructs our expectation of the traditional hero. In Nightmare before Christmas, the character Jack is frightful and he has no mission to save the world. Other character is treated equally, eg. the pet comes along with Jack is soul of a dog instead of a brilliant white horse. More importantly, Burton wants to create a balance between creepy and interesting. So he gives life to the grotesquery Jack who actually is virtuous. He demonstrates the characters individual emotions and action which has no relationship with hero. Specificly, the modeling of Jacks eyes are just two black holes which thoroughly give expression to the meaning of the character. Lets turn to the other film: No Country for Old Men In this film No Country for Old Men the genre pushes the envelope of sanity. It is an unconventional western film, mixed with action, crime drama and dark humor. The McCarthys novel No Country for Old Men is an ideal vehicle for the Coen brothers, who have used violence and emptiness laced with dark humor as an artistic aesthetic in their directing careers. The films greatest achievement is its ability to transport the audience into a world where the predestination, death, fears, choices, morals and realities of life are strikingly brought to life and make the audience reflect upon and look back with careful consideration after the whole experience. The violence and bleakness of it all is not to simply evoke reaction or engage the audience, it is to tell a story and impart an experience of great intention, to which the Coens have brilliantly succeeded. To some extent, this film is a character study of Sheriff Bell, an honest lawman who is wise, observant, grounded in reality, and has a long memory. No Country for Old Men is really his story. And also, The Coen brothers direction of the particularly intense chase scenes between Chigurgh and Moss are masterful, evoking emotions of suspense to the highest level and pushing the audience to the very edge of their seats. At the same time the movie is a character study on the effects of evil and innocence lost, an exploration on the themes of fate and chance, an analysis of the freedom to choose and its consequences, a reflection on evil and good as forces of society and the investigation of basic human emotions such as hope, fear, love, violence and aspiration in the face of a variety of situations. The ending of the film is about death. Faced with the overwhelming fact of death, all of us humans find meaning only by making up their own spiritual codes. The murderers code, the good old boys code, the sheriffs code, the wifes codethey are all equally meaningless, equally inadequate in the face of death, but they are all perfectly legitimate responses to the fact of universal death. The film is also about predestination and free will, Chigurgh doesnt believe in free will, I got here the same way the coin did , he is almost like a robot , and scientifically he is totally right we dont have free will , Chigurgh is not guilty , he just has killer genes and his mother didnt hug him so thats why he turned out to be this way, there are no choices in matter , just cause and effect , only quantum psychics can show some difference. In conclusion, Film genres can take culture as very important elements into consideration. And also, we can characterize a culture by its genre set. Obviously through the film review, we can see that genre can function as a tool to define and describe a culture. Heroes and Villains: Historical Analysis Heroes and Villains: Historical Analysis Heroes, Villains or Both? Austin Rappel What I found most interesting in this weeks readings was the myths behind the men; specifically Ulysses S. Grant, general in chief of the United States Army, William T. Sherman, general in The United States Army and Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States. Grant was considered a drunk, Whatever happened, the story of his drinking became a staple of gossip in the old army. (McPherson, pg.114) Sherman was considered crazy; But Sherman could never entirely escape the reputation of madness (McPherson, pg 114) Lincoln was considered passive: a basic trait of character evident throughout Lincolns life: the essential passivity of his nature. (McPherson, pg. 206) I think it is important to determine if these things were true or if there is enough evidence to ever know for sure the mindset or character of the men that are known to us as the men that defined and ultimately were the victors of the Civil War. Grant quickly rose through the ranks during the Civil War; command of a brigade, a division, an army (Army of Tennessee), an army group, an all of the armies of the United States. (McPherson, pg 110) These accomplishments are a big contrast to what one could consider could be an accomplished by a drunkard. Brooks Simpson , a biographer concluded, Although Grant sometimes took a drink during the war, and may on occasion have taken two, his colleagues who knew him best and were in the best position to observe him were unanimous in their testimony that he was rarely if ever drunk. (McPherson, pg. 114) Grant was also given the reputation as a butcher when the general most deserving of the title was Robert E. Lee. (McPherson, pg 113) Sherman is best known for his March to the Sea; a march of over 700 miles, in which psychological warfare was used in order to stop the war. As stated in McPherson, The terror that his soldiers provoked among Southern whites was a power, he wrote, and I intended to utilize it to humble their pride, to follow them to their inmost recesses, and to make them fear and dread usà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ We cannot change the hearts and minds of those people of the South, but we can make war so terrible and make them so sick of war that generations would pass away before they would again appeal to it.(McPherson, pg. 124) As stated in the article by Matt Carr, General Shermans March to the Sea, Shermans plan was to attack the infrastructure of the south and therefore end the war; After more than three years of violent and seemingly endless conflict, Sherman had decided to take the conflict beyond the battlefield and subject Georgia to a level of devastation that would make its population realise that w ar and ruin are synonymous terms. (pg. 30) Its hard to imagine that these strategies were those of a crazy man. Lincoln, the 16th president of the United States and the author of many documents most notably the Emancipation Proclamation was seen at least by one biographer, David Herbert Donald, to be passive. However, as stated in McPherson, at the very outset of his presidency Lincoln demonstrated traits that were the opposite of what Donald calls his essentially passive personality. (McPherson, pg. 207) Its hard to believe that the man that set into motion the Civil War and wrote one of our most historical documents has a passive personality. Maybe the passivity noted by some is more a compassion than anything else. As stated in, Lincolns Legacy, Lincoln Lives Through His Words by Gail Fineberg, Lincolns first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation, which he presented to his cabinet on July 22, 1862. Nobody liked it Sellers said. Lincoln came back to his cabinet with a second draft in September, and admonished members to comment not on substance but on his style. (pg 38) The quote goes witho ut saying to the mindset of a determined man more so to the mindset of a passive man. Although it may never be known the actual character of Grant, Sherman or  Lincoln, it will be left up to the readers and historians perceptions of whether are not these men were heroes, villains or maybe a little of both during and after the Civil War. It goes without saying that these men, however viewed, will always be remembered for the mark they left on the Civil War and wars to come. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Optimization Parameters Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Optimization Parameters IGHODARO OGHOGHO UYIOSA Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Evaluation of different optimization parameters for appropriate PCR process. Abstract PCR is a method used to produce relatively large amounts of a specific DNA sequence. The productivity of PCR method depends on different reaction conditions such as the concentration of the DNA template, concentration of magnesium ions, DNA template dilution and polymerase concentration. The aim of this study was to find optimal reaction conditions required for appropriate PCR process. To check the correct conditions the agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used. One single, strong amplified band and no unspecific product describe the most suitable amount of given conditions. In the results of this experiment, the most suitable annealing temperature was 62oC, the most proper amount of concentration of magnesium was 2nMol, and the best template dilution was 2 µl. The important parameters evaluated in this experiment were template optimisation, annealing temperatures and magnesium chloride concentrations with and without touchdown PCR. Introduction PCR is a simple, enzymatic assay, which allows for the amplification of a specific DNA fragment from a complex pool of DNA. PCR can be done using source DNA from a variety of tissues and organisms, including peripheral blood, skin, hair, saliva, and microbes. Only trace amounts of DNA are needed for PCR to generate enough copies to be analysed using conventional laboratory methods. For this reason, PCR is a sensitive assay (Lilit andNidhi 2013). To carry out a PCR it is essential to have the following reagents: DNA template, forward and reverse primers, PCR buffer, magnesium chloride (MgCl2), dNTP and DNA Taq polymerase. The annealing temperature allows for the annealing of the primers to the single stranded DNA. It depends on the length and composition of the primers. If the temperature is too high, then the primers will not anneal correctly, and if the annealing temperature is too low then the primers will anneal non-specifically (Hecker et al. 1996). Magnesium ions interact with the DNA polymerase enzyme during this process. The magnesium ion interacts with negatively charged molecules in the reaction. Positive ions of magnesium interact with the negatively charged DNA strands to mask the forces of repulsion (Markoulatos et al. 2002). Template DNA is a fragment of DNA which is needed to create required copies. DNA Taq polymerase is a polymerase enzyme, which is essential for DNA replication, this means that DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA molecules from their nucleotide building blocks (Huang et al. 1992). The nucleotides include the four bases – adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine (A, T, C, G) – that are found in DNA. These act as the building blocks that are used by the DNA polymerase to create the resultant PCR product. During this experiment, two methods were used to visualise the PCR products formed. These were Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Agarose gel electrophoresis method. Electrophoresis is a separation procedure which is based on the separation of DNA fragments by size, shape and charge. The clue of this process is the mobility of ions in an electric field (nucleoid acids, which are negatively charged migrate to the anode – positive electrode) (Stellwagen, 1998). Aim The aim of this experiment was to assess which parameters as annealing temperature, concentration of magnesium, and template DNA influence DNA amplification efficiency and specificity. 2.0  Materials and methods This section was divided into two parts. In part A, a PCR reaction 1 set-up using optimised PCR mastermix was done, while in part B, a PCR reaction was set-up to test four different variables to optimise a PCR reaction. 2.1  Part A Setting up the PCR reaction A mastermix enough for four reactions was made. 30 µl of H2O, 50 µl of 2X PCR mastermix and 4 µl each of forward and reverse primers were pipetted and mixed in an Eppendorf tube from which, 24 µl of the mastermix was pipetted into three separate PCR tubes (i.e. tube 1, 2, and 3). 1 µl of sample DNA, 1 µl of 1/10 diluted DNA and 1 µl of H2O were added to each tubes respectively and each amplified on a PCR block running the following programme: Denaturing step done at 94oC for two minutes Amplification step done at 94oC for 30 seconds, 55oC for 30 seconds and 72oC for 1 minute. This step was repeated for 35 cycles. Finally, the extension step was done at 72oC for 3 minutes. Agarose gel electrophoresis (2% agarose gel for PCR) An agarose gel was submerged in a gel tank filled with TBE buffer. Then 5 µl of gel loading buffer was added to each sample and mixed. Next, the first well was loaded with the molecular weight marker and then 10 µl of each sample was loaded into each respective wells. Next, the gel was run for 45 minutes at 80V. Finally, the gel was visualised on the gel documentation system to show separation and migration of the DNA. 2.2  Part B PCR optimisation reaction For this protocol, PCR reactions were set up and individual components of the reactions were varied in other to optimise them as follows: Annealing temperature optimisation 17.75 µl of water, 2.5 µl of 10x reaction buffer, 0.75 µl of Magnesium Chloride (50mMol), 0.5 µl of dNTPs, 1 µl each of forward and reverse primers, 0.5 µl of Taq polymerase and 1 µl of DNA were pipetted into 5 separate tubes (i.e. tube 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) which were then placed on a gradient PCR block, with one tube at each of the following temperature 46oC, 52oC, 55oC, 58oC, and 65oC. Next, the PCR block was set to the following programme: Denaturing step at 94oC for two minutes Amplification step at 94oC for thirty seconds, 46-65oC for thirty seconds, and 72oC for one minute. This stage was repeated for thirty-five cycles. Finally, the extension step was done at 72oC for three minutes. Template optimisation A PCR mastermix containing 13.75 µl of water, 2.5 µl of 10x reaction buffer, 0.75 µl of 50mMol magnesium chloride, 0.5 µl dNTPs, 1 µl each of forward and reverse primer and 0.5 µl of Taq polymerase were pipetted into five tubes. Next, 5, 2, 1, 0.1, and 0.01 µl of template DNA and, 0, 3, 4, 4.9. 4.99 µl of H2O were added to each tubes respectively. Next, the tubes were then amplified on a PCR block using the same cycle parameters as set out in part A. Magnesium concentration A PCR mastermix mastermix containing 16 µl of water, 2.5 µl of 10x reaction buffer, 0.5 µl dNTPs, 1 µl each of forward and reverse primer, 0.5 µl of Taq polymerase and 1 µl of DNA were pipetted into five tubes (i.e. tube 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5). Next, a Mgcl2 dilution was prepared to get a final Mgcl2 mMol of 0.5, 1.5, 2, 3 and 5mMol which were then added to each tubes respectively to give a final volume of 25 µl. Next, the tubes were then amplified on a PCR block using the same cycle parameters as set out in part A. Touchdown PCR A PCR mastermix was prepared using the same variables outlined for magnesium concentration. Then the touchdown PCR programme used was as follows: 94 °C for 3 minutes then 94 °C for 30 seconds, 64 °C for 30 seconds and 72 °C for one minute for three cycles, 94 °C for 30 seconds, 61 °C for 30 seconds, and 72 °C for one minute for three cycles, 94 °C for 30 seconds, 58 °C for 30 seconds, and 72 °C for one minute for three cycles, 94 °C for 30 seconds, 55 °C for 30 seconds, and 72 °C for one minute for three cycles, 94 °C for 30 seconds, 53 °C for 30 seconds, and 72 °C for one minute for thirty cycles, and finally 72 °C for three minutes. Sample preparation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis After all the different optimisation protocols, the samples to be loaded into the gel were prepared by adding 5 µl of loading buffer to each PCR reaction and mixed. Next, 5 µl of DNA ladder was pipetted into the first well while 10 µl of sample were pipetted into each designated wells. The gel was then run at 100V for 45 minutes. After which, the gel was recovered and placed in a weighing boat containing 1x TBE buffer. Next, 5 µl of ethidium bromide was carefully introduced into the weighing boat and left for 10 minutes before visualisation with a gel documentation system. 3.0  Result PCR reactions were set up in 5 different PCR tubes with all the required components for complete PCR reaction , save for a particular factor which was varied to ascertain the optimal concentration necessary for the production of the highest amount of pure specific product. The results obtained from these various optimised factors are represented in the gels below. Part A Optimized PCR 1 µl of DNA template was loaded in the well labelled neat DNA and it revealed the highest amount of product formed, the well containing a 1/10 diluted DNA had a much lower amount of product formed while the well with the water blank yielded no product. Also, unspecific products were not formed. Figure 1: Optimised PCR agarose gel. Part B The results of different PCR optimisation reactions PCR annealing temperature optimisation Figure 2: PCR annealing temperature optimisation polyacrylamide gel. Key: L-molecular weight ladder, lane 1- 48 °c, lane 2- 52 °c, lane 3- 55 °c, lane 4- 62 °c, lane 5- 65 °c, unspecific product, specific product. From Figure 2 above, there are three unspecific products formed in lane 1, a greater specific product with insignificant unspecific product formed in lane 2, insignificant unspecific products formed in lane 3 and there is also a decrease in the intensity of the specific product formed compared with that of lane 2. While in lane 4, there is a minor decrease in the intensity of the specific product formed thus, the intense quantity of the specific product formed (i.e. there is a strong amplification here) and in lane 5, there is a major decrease in the quantity of specific product formed. Therefore, the quantity of the product decreases as the quantity of the template DNA decreases, and the quantity of the specific and unspecific products increases as the quantity of the template DNA increase. Template dilution optimisation Figure 3: Template dilution optimisation polyacrylamide gel. Key: L -molecular weight ladder, lane 1- 5 µl, lane 2- 2 µl, lane 3- 1 µl, lane 4- 0.1 µl, lane 5- 0.01 µl template DNA, specific product, unspecific product. From the gel above, there are three unspecific products formed in lane 1 and also the intensity of the specific product formed is high, the unspecific product formed in lane 2 is insignificant and the specific product formed is greater in intensity (i.e. has a higher amplification) compared with that of lane 1, in lane 3 and 4, the intensity of the specific product formed decreased compared with that of lane 2, while in lane 5, there is a major decrease in the intensity of the specific product formed. Therefore, the quantity of the product decreases as the quantity of the template DNA decreases, and the quantity of the specific and unspecific products increases as the quantity of the template DNA increase. Magnesium dilution optimisation Figure 4: Magnesium dilution optimisation polyacrylamide gel. Key: L -molecular weight ladder, lane 1- 0.5mmol, lane 2- 1.5mmol, lane 3- 2mmol, lane 4- 3mmol, lane 5- 5mmol, specific product, unspecific product. Form the gel above, there is an unspecific and a specific product formed in lane 1, in lane 2 there is a decrease in the intensity of the unspecific product formed and also there is an increase in the amount of specific product formed. In lane 3, there were no production of unspecific products and the intensity of the specific product formed remained high. In lane 4, there is evidence of the presence of an unspecific product formed but the intensity of the specific product formed remained high. While in lane 5, there is a minor reduction in the intensity of the specific product formed while there is visible presence of formation of unspecific products. Magnesium touchdown optimisation Figure 5: –Touchdown magnesium concentration optimisation. Key: L – molecular weight ladder, lane 1- 0.5 mMol, lane 2- 1.5 mMol, lane 3- 2mMol, lane 4- 3 mMol, lane 5- 5mMol, unspecific product, specific product. From the gel above, in lane 1, the intensity of the unspecific product formed is the same with that of the specific product formed. While in lane 2, 3 and 4, the intensity of the specific products formed are the same while the intensity of the unspecific products gradually decreased. There was no unspecific product formed in lane 5, however there was a reduction in the intensity of the specific product formed compared to that of lane 4. Discussion This experiment was performed to evaluate different optimisation protocols to optimise PCR reactions. For the PCR reaction using an optimised PCR mastermix in part A, the highest amount of products formed was observed in the well containing 1 µl of DNA template.The annealing temperature is the most important optimisation, because it can have an influence on the specificity of the reaction. If the temperature is too high, the hybridization will not take place thus, templates and primers remain dissociated. If the temperature is too low, mismatched hybrids will occur. Correct annealing temperature must be low enough to start hybridization between template and primer, and also high enough to prevent forming mismatched hybrids (Roux, 2009). According to the results from annealing temperature optimization polyacrylamide gel (Figure 2), the most suitable annealing temperature was 62oC, because the band was clear and single as opposed to the 48oC, 52oC and 55oC, where the smears (i.e. unspecific products) were shown. The intensity of the band in 62oC was the strongest compared with that o f 65oC. The most suitable template dilution for PCR was 2 µl, because it gave in the polyacrylamide gel in Figure 3, the most bright, single band with very low amount of unspecific products formed. Besides, annealing temperature and template dilution parameters, PCR reaction components could also lead to non-specific amplification. Two variables, which are reported to greatly influence the specificity of the PCR reaction, are magnesium and dNTP concentration (Dwivedi et al. 2003). For magnesium dilution touchdown (Figure 5), the molarities at 1.5, 2 and 3mMol showed very similar amount of products formed indicating the importance of the magnesium in PCR amplification while for magnesium dilution without touchdown (Figure 4), it was found that 2mM yielded the best results. Magnesium concentration is known to play a critical role in amplification as it can affect DNA strand denaturation, primer annealing specificity and enzyme fidelity. These observations are in agreement with earlier studies (Innis et al. 1990; Eeles et al. 1993). Even brief incubations of a PCR mix at temperatures significantly below theTmcan result in primer-dimer formation and nonspecific priming. Hot-start PCR methods (Erlich et al. 1991;Ruano et al. 1992) can dramatically reduce these problems. In this experiment, two methods were used to visualise the PCR products formed. They are, Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and Agarose gel electrophoresis. Agarose gel is the most popular medium for the separation of moderate and large-sized nucleic acids and have a wide range of separation but a low resolving power, since the bands formed in the gels tend to be indistinct and spread apart. This is a result of pore size and cannot be largely controlled (Stellwagen, 1998). However, Polyacrylamide gels are normally more difficult to prepare and handle, and it requires a longer time for preparation than agarose gels. However, polyacrylamide gels have a greater resolving power, can accommodate larger quantities of DNA without any significant loss in resolution and the DNA obtained from polyacrylamide gels is extremely pure (Guilliatt, 2002). Hence, they are better than agarose gels. It should be noted that polyacrylamide is a neurotoxin (when unpolymerized), but with proper labo ratory care it is no more dangerous than various commonly used chemicals in the laboratory (Budowle Allen, 1991). Conclusion Optimisation of Polymerase Chain Reaction is very important for PCR performance to minimize failures, avoid the production of non-specific products and increase specificity of the reaction. The knowledge of proper conditions allows to use PCR correctly and to receive good results. According to the results of the research the most suitable annealing temperature was 62oC, the most proper amount of concentration of magnesium was 2nMol, and the best template dilution was 2 µl. Those parameters give DNA amplification specificity and efficiency. (Harris and Jones, 1997). References Alka, D., Sarin, B., Mittar, D., Sehajpal, P. (2003). OPTIMIZATION OF 38 kDa BASED PCR ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES. Journal of Tuberculosis. 50:209-213. Budowle, B. and Allen, R. (1991). Discontinuous polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of DNA fragments. Methods in Molecular Biology. 9:123-132. Eeles, R. and Stamps, A. (1993). Managing the method. In Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) the Technique and its Application. Journal of Applied Sciences Research. 2(3): 12-26. Erlich,H.,Gelfand,D.,Sninsky,J. (1991).Recent advances in the polymerase chain reaction.Science.252:1643–1651. Guilliat, A. (2002). Agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: PCR mutation detection protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology. 187:125-137. Hecker,K. and Roux,K. (1996).High and low annealing temperatures increase both specificity and yield in touchdown and stepdown PCR.Bio Techniques. 20:478–485. Harris, S. and Jones, D. (1997). Optimisation of the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Biomedical Science. 54 (3):166-173. Huang, M., Arnheim, N., Goodman, M. (1992). Extension of base mispairs by Taq DNA polymerase: implications for single nucleotide discrimination in PCR.Nucleic Acids Research.20 (17):4567–4573. Innis, M. and Gelfland, D. (1990). Optimization of PCR’s. In PCR protocols: A guide to methods and applications. Indian Journal of Tuberculosis. 118:1589-1599. Markoulatos, P., Siafakas, N., Moncany, M. (2002). Multiplex polymerase chain reaction: a practical approach.Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis.16(1): 47–51. Lilit, G.andNidhi, A. (2013). Research Techniques Made Simple: Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 133 (3): 4565-4579. Stellwagen, N. (1998). DNA gel electrophoresis. Nucleic Acid Electrophoresis Laboratory Manual. (D Tietz, Ed.). Springer Verlag. Berlin-Heidelberg-New York. Roux, K. (2009). Optimisation and troubleshooting in PCR. Cold Spring Harbour Protocols. doi:10.1101/pdb.ip66. Ruano,G.,Pagliaro,E., Schwartz,T.,Lamy,K.,Messina,D.,Gaensslen,R. et al. (1992).Heat-soaked PCR: An efficient method for DNA amplification with applications to forensic analysis.Bio Techniques.13:266–274.

Top Glove Corporation Berhad Expansion

Top Glove Corporation Berhad Expansion 1. INTRODUCTION Top Glove Corporation Berhad founded by the husband and wife team of Tan Sri Dr. Lim Wee-Chai, as a company chairman and Puan Sri Tong Siew Bee, executive director. Establish in Malaysia in 1991, Top Glove operated with only one factory with three second-hand production lines. Nowadays, it is known as the world largest rubber glove manufacturer. Top Glove embarked an impressive expansion plan with the following position: World Largest Rubber Glove Manufacturer Existing (As at December 2010) 1. Number of Factories 20 2. Number of Production Lines 379 3. Total pieces of Gloves Produced (per year) 33.75 billion 4. Number of Employees 10,900 5. Countries of Export 180 6. Number of Customers 900 Top Glove was listed on Bursa Saham Kuala Lumpurs second board in 2001 and has been successfully promoted to the Main Market of the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange on May 16, 2002. Top Glove has over 15 years of experience in production of latex examination gloves (HWANGDBS Vickers Research, 2008). It has also diversified overseas and set up four factories in Thailand and two in China, in addition to the 12 facilities it has in Malaysia (CIMB Research Report, 2007). 1.2 Companys Core Business Top Gloves nature activities are manufacturing and trading rubber gloves, synthetic gloves and surgical gloves which are mostly used in medical, industrial and food services industries. With an approximated 80% of their product is in the form of natural rubber gloves and the remaining 20% are synthetic gloves (CIMB Research Report, 2007). Top Glove acts as a one-stop glove centre by offering a full range of services, from manufacturing glove products to packaging, branding, sales as well as distribution of finished glove products through its three primary sales offices in Klang, Malaysia; Azusa, California and Duisburg, Germany (HWANGDBS Vickers Research, 2008). About 95% of the company sales are for the export market. 1.3 Financial Performance According to annual report 2009, Top Glove has successfully achieved the company growth by showing the increase in net profit for the financial year. The remarkable growth of 54% of net profit in the year 2009 as compare to the year 2008 showing that Top Glove fully utilizes the advantage of its listing as public company to generate growth that is beneficial to the shareholders. 2. SALES ANALYSIS 2.1 Sales Growth Rates Total sales or total revenue is the first line on any company income statement. This figure is the amount of money that company receives during the specific time of period. Total revenue is very important to turn in money into a profit. In the past 5 years (2005 2009), Top Glove has been profitable. The sales growth for its products showing the increase in revenue for the every financial year. Top Gloves Revenue for the past 5 years Year Total Revenue (RMmil) 2004 418.1 2005 641.8 2006 992.6 2007 1228.8 2008 1377.9 2009 1529.1 Source: Top Glove Annual Report 2010 The sales growth rates (%) from year to year will be calculate as below; current sales previous sales ________________________ x 100 Previous sales Year Sales Growth Rates (%) From year to year Sales Growth Rates (%) From year 2005 2004 2005 53.50 2006 54.66 54.66 2007 23.80 91.46 2008 12.13 114.69 2009 10.97 138.25 Exponential functions can be applied in growth processes. The most widely accepted method in academics to calculate total growth can be represented by the functions; y = a(1 + r)X which; a = initial amount before measuring growth r = growth rate (often a percent) x = number of time intervals that have passed The exponential function in computing growth rates for Top Gloves are presented as below: 1. Year: 2005 Growth rates (%): 53.50 (0.5350) Revenue amount before measuring growth (RM000): 418.1 Exponential Growth Functions: y = a(1+r)x y = 418.1(1+0.5350)1 y = 641.8 2. Year: 2006 Growth rates (%): 54.66 (0.5466) Revenue amount before measuring growth (RM000): 641.8 Exponential Growth Functions: y = a(1+r)x y = 641.8(1+0.5466)1 y = 992.6 3. Year: 2007 Growth rates (%): 23.80 (0.2380) Revenue amount before measuring growth (RM000): 992.6 Exponential Growth Functions: y = a(1+r)x y = 992.6(1+0.2380)1 y = 1228.8 4. Year: 2008 Growth rates (%): 12.13 (0.1213) Revenue amount before measuring growth (RM000): 1228.8 Exponential Growth Functions: y = a(1+r)x y = 1228.8(1+0.1213)1 y = 1377.9 5. Year: 2009 Growth rates (%): 10.97 (0.1097) Revenue amount before measuring growth (RM000): 1377.9 Exponential Growth Functions: y = a(1+r)x y = 1377.9(1+0.1097)1 y = 1529.1 2.2 Growth Rates Analysis 53.5% growth in 2005, Top Glove and the glove industry facing an exciting and challenging year when unexpected hike in the prices of crude oil and raw material. Top Gloves has managed to maintained company performance by continue its aggressive capacity expansion to capture a bigger share of the world glove market. 54.66% in 2006, the sting of increasing oil and fuel prices continues to vibrate throughout the glove and healthcare industry. These two industries feel the most pressure in deciding how to react in this situation. This is because production cost would be driven up by the increased oil and fuel prices which will impacts on the capability to deliver the products. Top Gloves still continues to stand in progressing by control over its operation costs and learned to manage the increase in the cost of oil and fuel prices. Each manufacturer can standoff these costs by their own way, however price increases are inevitable (Jeannie and Dana, 2006). By the year 2007, Top Glove achieved a remarkable revenue growth of 23.8% to RM1,228.8 million. The growth was principally due to the continued increased in customer base globally and a higher volume of sales attributed to the increased capacity so that the company succeeds to face on the increase in operating costs. In year 2008, the growth slows to 12.13% caused by global economy. It was tough for the glove producer to continue the business due to the tight margin and only glove manufacturers with sizable economies of scale can survive (Malaysian Rubber Board, 2008). Top Glove definitely cannot be escaped from this phenomenon. However, Top Glove had experienced to face the current world financial crisis and continues companys ability to grow over the years. Year 2009 shows that the slower growth rate goes to 10.97% achieved by Top Glove. The company started the year with aware about a strong global demand of gloves especially in healthcare industry stimulated by the global economic recovery. Furthermore, the H1N1 pandemic caused the demand of gloves contributed in abnormal return to all rubber glove manufacturers including Top Glove. Top Glove had adapted well in current economic environment by which its earning was boosted by higher sales and higher costs efficiency (OSK, 2010). 3. SALES TREND Sales trend analysis is a review of sales during a specified period of time. It is could be increase, decrease or remain unchanged. The purpose of sales trend analysis is to monitoring performance and to predict future performance. Top Gloves sales trend increased year by year. It is showed that the company very focused on their nature business and will struggle to maintain companys mission as a world class glove manufacturer by providing best quality product as well as to toughen their position as the worlds largest rubber glove manufacturer. Top Gloves sales trend illustrated with a graph below; Based on the graph above, it is showed that Top Glove sales trend growing over the years. The growth might be supported by the high demanded from their customer. The surge of demand for rubber gloves used for medical and protection purpose forced glove industry to raise the selling price. Similarly, Top Glove also raised its products selling price to equalize the higher production costs. However, the demand for rubber gloves remained and was in fast growing even though the selling price was high. For the 5 years, Top Glove continued achieved a remarkable profit. The global phenomena such as H1N1 and SARS pandemic, hike in the price of oil and raw material, weather, war or world financial crisis which result in boost in the demand of rubber glove. Additionally, increase in health awareness worldwide also increases the demand of rubber glove. Top Glove succeed to adapt all the difficult situation year by year by their good planning of manufacturing processes and providing a high quality of product. 4. CONCLUSION As a conclusion, Top Glove Corporation Berhad continued achieved a remarkable profit by increasing their revenue and sales growth rate from year to year. The companys show strong sales performance was endorsed to high demand for gloves especially form healthcare industry and emerging market which demand for gloves is expected to growing for a double digit every year. Even though there are more challenges to overcome, Top Glove positive to increase their remarkable revenue and sales growth rates for every year and believe to maintain its leadership in the global market by continue providing a top quality of product.

A Prequel to Susan Glaspells Short Story, Trifles :: Short Story Creative Writing Essays

A Prequel to Susan Glaspell's Short Story, "Trifles" Minnie Foster was once described as the belle of the ball. To look at her tonight for the first time you could see why. She carried herself with both an air of confidence and modesty at the same time. Her small eyes dominated her face. They did not look directly at you anymore though. Still, they seemed all knowing and experienced as if they were able to see and know secrets about you that you wish no one knew. Her slender peaked nose was no match for the full lips she had, lips that never uttered a sound and which have become as pale as her knuckles. Her lips were pierced shut protecting the thoughts in her head from falling out one by one to the hard flooring. This morning Minnie felt a little different. No one was home. No one was there to bother her. Why then, did she feel the need to continue on like a caged animal within her own home? She cautiously continued down from the upstairs. Minnie’s right foot led the way and paused on each step. Like a young child first learning to master the staircase she would wait for her left foot to catch up before leading again with her right. Her feet glided lightly across the wooden steps and only the dust particles felt her movement. She seemed to have a pillow of air floating underneath her. Quite ironically, with each descending stride her body took, her hand would tightly grip the banister until her veins were crushed against her tightened skin with no way out. Gliding over to the kitchen, Minnie continued with her everyday tasks. She began by clearing the table, a task that should have been completed the night before but was left untouched. She put things away one by one and in a quiet manner. She lightly opened and shut the cupboards, placing pots and pans where they belonged, one by one, straight from the table to under the sink. It was cold in that kitchen. Minnie looked out the window to her neighbor’s house. Perhaps today she would go visit; perhaps today she would not.

Comparing the Narrative Voice in The Storm and Hands Essays -- compari

The Narrative Voice in The Storm and Hands      Ã‚  Ã‚   The application of narrative voice as a devise by which the author influences or manipulates the reader’s response is an ancient method of inducement that is still employed today. Kate Chopin tactfully utilizes narrative voice in the short story, The Storm, to create an empathic reader’s response for a socially unacceptable behavior. Sherwood Anderson, the author of Hands, appropriates a similar technique to manipulate the reader’s response to accept or sympathize with a serious controversial issue that long has plagued humankind from early Biblical times until this present generation. Narrative voice is still employed today and has not lost its persuasive, influential, and manipulative effect over the centuries. Kate Chopin cleverly employs an omniscient narrative approach in relating The Storm, so the facts presented impact and shape the reader’s response to the couples’ adulterous affair. The narrator focuses on the romantic relationship that existed between Alcee and Calixta before her five-year marriage to her husband. The narrator recalls that "in Assumption Alcee had kissed Calixta and kissed her until his senses would well nigh fail, and to save her he would resort to a desperate flight" (Chopin 363). The narrator consciously constructs in the mind of the reader the idea that Alcee and Calixta were not immoral fornicators during their youthful romantic connection, but on the contrary, their moral value and practice more than parallel that of society’s and had been far above reproach. The narrator further validates that "Calixta was an immaculate dove in those days, and she was still inviolate; a passionate creature whose very defenselessness had made her defense, ... ...pathy for Mr. Bibblebaum’s atypical tendency by focusing on his hands, his nervous emotional state, and the abuse he receives from society. Both authors successfully employ narrative voice in generating empathy and some possible modification in the reader’s response for two issues that cut across popular opinion and moral value. The tactics utilized by both narrators will continue to influence and manipulate reader’s response for centuries to come and has the potential to break down well constructed social barriers.    Work cited Anderson, Sherwood. "Hands." Literature Across Culture. Eds. Sheena Gillepsi, Terzinha Fonseca, Carol A Sanger 3rd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001: 885-889. Chopin, Kate. "The Storm." Literature Across Cultures. Eds. Sheena Gillepie, Terzinha Fonseca, Carol A. Sanger 3rd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001: 885-889.   

Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Thought, Freedom of Pot -- essays resear

Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Thought, Freedom of Pot!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a war going on; it keeps thousands in pain every night, a war that if were to end, could save thousands of people’s lives. This is the war on marijuana. You could say that marijuana has a bad reputation in the eyes of many people, but in reality it is a drug which has the ability of saving lives and curing diseases in which have plagued us for too long. People need to be informed on the good that marijuana can bring not just to this country, but to the whole world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marijuana (cannabis sativa) is often referred to as pot, tea, grass, weed, hashish, maryjane, ganja, skunk, and there are many, many more depending on how it is used and/or where it is from. It can be sniffed, chewed, smoked, or added to foods or beverages, but most often is smoked by recreational users. Marijuana contains around sixty compounds called cannabanoids. The most psychoactive being delta-9-tetrahydracannabinol (Dudley 18). When marijuana is used, several things can happen to the user both physically and or mentally. Physical effects include: red eyes, dry mouth or throat, increase in heartbeat, tightness of chest (if smoked), drowsiness, unsteadiness, and muscular in-coordination. THC molecules can also distort part of the brains’ information-processing system, altering perception of time, while amplifying sounds and usual images (Dudley 18). This may not seem like something people would want legalized, but there are far more ways to use marijua na for good than for bad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are several interesting reasons why people fight for the legalization of marijuana, some people argue that if it was smoked as early as 2700 B.C. in China and India (Quick Facts 1) that it should be legal in all places. Or that since many of America’s greatest leaders and Founding Fathers (including George Washington) were hemp farmers (Quick Facts 1) that it would make the world a better place. Both of these general types of arguments have some reason in them, but the most valid arguments are probably to be about violence or medical reasons. After some thinking, the conclusion that any sick person who wants to use marijuana to help them self has to break the law (Dudley 39) can be made. This doesn’t seem fair at all, seeing as how people who are ill and whom mi... ...aws around them, and make everything in society for those people. The lowest incapable part of the species. And what about all the people that can handle all the good things in life without screwing everyone else over? Well they can suffer, they can be held back by our crap, because they’re not important. They can evolve at the same mind-numbing pace as the rest of us. So lets keep drugs illegal, cause some people can’t handle the responsibility. That’s the same principle they enforce in elementary school; one kid messes up and the rest suffer from his ignorance. In case you haven’t noticed, laws and regulations can’t hold back human curiosity. You can’t simply just stamp out those human urges with a law or two. You won’t succeed in preventing humans from being human.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Works Cited â€Å"Cancer Statistics.† American Cancer Society. Online. Internet. 01 February 2001. Dudley, William, et al., eds. Marijuana. California: Greenhaven Press, 1999. â€Å"Marijuana† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica: Macropà ¦dia. 1999 ed. â€Å"Quick Facts About Pot.† Freepot.com. Online. Internet. 28 Jan 2001. Todd Austin Brenner, â€Å"The Legalization of Drugs: Why Prolong the Inevitable?† Vol. 18, 1989.

How evil is presented throughout the play Essay

Show how Shakespeare’s sense of theatre supports the presentation of evil in â€Å"Macbeth.† Shakespeare was born in 1564 at Stratford upon Avon, he was an English poet and playwright. He wrote 38 plays 154 sonnets. He began his successful career in London as an actor and a writer, and later became known as what many say to be the greatest writer in the English language. One of his most successful plays is ‘Macbeth’ it was written at the time king James I was on the throne at the time that the Gunpowder Plot that took place in 1605, and plotted against king James I and tried to blow up the houses of parliament. This is quite significant to the play as it links to people plotting against the king, as Macbeth does. In the end Guy Fawks is burnt, and at the end of the play Macbeth is also murdered. Shakespeare received patronage from the current monarchy if they were pleased with the play he had produced, so he made it appeal to the king or Queen he was writing it for. He did this when he wrote Macbeth, as he Put witches in the play and also based the play around witches and portrayed them as personifying evil this would have appealed to King James I as he wrote a book about witches called Demonology in this book he confirmed his conspiracy about witches being evil supernatural beings that made bad things happen. Shakespeare set the play in the 12th century when it was the17th century so that he could twist the facts of what happened to get across what he wanted to say, about the plot of the witches. Shakespeare tried to make things relevant in the play to King James I. He did this at the start of the play where he used Thunder and Lightening, before the three witches came on this would have appealed to King James I as he expressed very strongly that witches conjured up storms in the book he wrote. Another thing that portrayed evil at the start of the play is that the chant that the witches do ;†Fair is foul and foul is fair,† this shows that evil is about good being bad and bad being good. This links to Macbeth because when he first talks, he says â€Å"so fair and foul a day I have not seen†. He is echoing the words of the witches, and this alerts the audience and makes them think he is connected to them or of the same nature (also evil). Also when the witches say â€Å"when the hurlyburly’s done, when the battle’s lost and won† it makes you curious to think that they may know what is to happen in the future. It also gives you the feeling that the witches are peculiar and supernatural if they can make predictions with such certainty. Shakespeare is also trying to show the power the witches have to make evil happen, that their presence or their words can effect people make them think evil and then become evil, as Macbeth does throughout the play. Macbeth as a victim of supernatural conspiracy as it’s the witches who put the essence of treason in his mind.This is shown when Banquo asks Macbeth â€Å"Good sir, why do you start and seem to fear†. This shows Macbeth is not innately good because seeing the evil of the witches made him fear and a noble man was not to let evil get to him, like Banquo didn’t. This also shows he is susceptible to evil. He also started to have evil thoughts that even started to scare himself he says â€Å"I yield to that suggestion whose horrid image doth unfix my hair, and make my seated heart knock at my ribs†. Macbeth knows it is a sin against God to Murder or even hurt the Lords anointed King. At the start of the play he was honourable and favoured greatly by Duncan who gave him the titles Thane of Cawdor and Thane of Glamis for winning the battle and defeating the king of Norway, but Macbeth above all was a man of action and wanted to know how he could make the prediction of the witches come true and so he didn’t let his evil thoughts get in the way .He says in act 1 scene 4 â€Å"Stars hide your fires, let not light see my black and deep desires†, he wants the stars to stay dark so that he can hide his murderous thoughts. Also dark is associated with bad and evil and light with good and noble. He doesn’t want a starry night so that he can hide his evil thoughts in the darkness away from the light. Macbeth had lots of imagination but he lacked a strong will, when lady Macbeth allures him into Duncan’s murder he went along with the plans although deep down he knew it was morally the wrong thing to do., on the other hand lady Macbeth had a strong will persuading and brainwashing Macbeth, but has no imagination, she is the one who persuades him to commit the ghastly deed but is the one who goes mad. Another aspect of Macbeth’s imagination is when he sees daggers and apparitions before he goes to kill Duncan. Macbeth even Hallucinates when he sees the ghost of Banquo. When Macbeth goes to see the witches they make him feel invincible, they tell him â€Å"no man of woman born can touch him† hearing this he goes and kills all of MacDuffs family (his innocent wife and children) that is because he has descended to evil, he has reached the depths of evil and because evil never triumphs the audience knows he is going be caught, this is when he finds out that the witches tricked him but he does die a noble death because he is brave. Lady Macbeth is portrayed as an evil person in the play but also the source of all the evil from Macbeth. She personifies evil to Macbeth making him do wrong and she guides him into all that he does. This play is written to relate to the biblical story of Adam and Eve where God allows them to eat the fruit from all the trees except the tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. A serpent persuades Eve to eat from that tree; she does so but also persuades Adam to eat from it. This relates to the story of Macbeth because Lady Macbeth persuades Macbeth to do evil. This is another thing that would have appealed to king James I as he was a religious man who strongly believed in what the bible said. When lady Macbeth reads the letter he has been sent by Macbeth she gets excited and starts having fantastical thoughts, yet she thinks her husband is too kind to do such a thing when she says â€Å"It is too full o ‘th ‘milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way.† She knows she will have to persuade him and she knows just how she will do this â€Å"that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valour of my tongue.† She is saying she will use her language of persuasion and guide him into the evil to do what she wants him to do. She is the one who induces him and leads him to do it, at first he is reluctant but then she wins him over by saying that he should do it for the love of her, she also challenges his masculinity by doing this so in the end after arguing a won battle because lady Macbeth isn’t backing down, Macbeth finally goes to murder Duncan. Later she entices him by saying that the blame of the murder could be put on the king’s guards, so their crime won’t be discovered. Throughout the play Macbeth goes from noble and good with people referring to him as â€Å"noble Macbeth† and â€Å"valiant cousin† to evil led by the witches. Macbeth was a victim of an evil plot with the witches tricking him and leading him to evil and sin, but the blame can not be put entirely on the witches because although they lead him he was the one who choose to kill Duncan witch was the start of all the bad things that came from it. Macbeth comes to die a noble death, because of his bravery and of this and then the rightful order has been restored and the rightful king is on the throne. This makes stronger the belief that people have that the king is the lords anointed and nobody can do anything about it. The play justifies the position of James I as he is a noble and righteous king . Shakespeare ended the play this was to show that no good comes from witches and from evil and it is a lot better to be noble as you will get a better outcome, Banquo was noble and his son became the king in the end.

Histology Review Supplement

Histology appraise Supplement The sailings in this section argon designed to result a basic histology re charm tie in to topics introduced in the PhysioEx lab simulations and in your pulp and physiology textbook. From the PhysioEx main menu, rent Histology Tutorial. The stretch outing prove should appear after(prenominal) a a few(prenominal) seconds. The Sort by menu is rigid at the top left. jerk on the white drop-down menu and tell apart Histology revaluation from the list.You will note that the drop offs in the histology staff ar ba turn backd in the pursual folders impecunious vigour skids Nervous thread glidings internal unfathomedion issuer waver steals cardiovascular interweave steals Respiratory wind weakeneds digestive thread curves Renal wind sneaks shoot the group of curves you wish to ingest, and then refer to the pertinent worksheet in this section for a stepwise tutorial. For example, if you would like to re cerebration th e in straitened circumstances(p) massiveness slides, click on the pointless vigor slides folder, and then turning to the next knave of this lab manual for the worksheet entitled Skeletal muscularity Tissue review article to incur your review.You will fix the option of reckon slides with or without labels by clicking the On/ stumble andtons at the bottom left of the viewer. Since the slides in this module vex been divideed for their relevance to topics mete out in the PhysioEx lab simulation, it is recommended that you get it on the worksheets on with a related PhysioEx lab. For example, you might complete the Skeletal Muscle Tissue worksheet near before or after your t to each unmatchableer assigns you Exercise 2, the PhysioEx lab simulation on Skeletal Muscle Physiology. For conveyitional histology review, turn to page 121. 23 Skeletal Muscle Tissue surveil From the PhysioEx main menu, prefer Histology canvass Supplement. When the quiz comes up, click trai n an Image root word. From sort Listing, click Skeletal heftiness slides. To view slides without labels, click the Labels attain stillton at the bottom flop of the monitor. wiener slide 1. Skeletal vim is constitute of extremely large, rounded multinucleated jail mo rancour ph aneular phones c solelyed myo demarcation lineaments. The nuclei of the raddled brawninessbuilder carrell (myonuclei) argon regain peripherally just underlying to the massiveness cell plasmalemma (sarcolemma).The interior of the cell is literally filled with an assembly of contractile proteins (myofilaments) position in a specific co-occur excogitation point parallel to the farsighted axis of the cell. come home slides 2, 3. Sarcomeres ar the structural social unit of measurement of measurements of senseless muscular create from raw stuff. The governance of contractile proteins into a regular end-to-end repeating flesh of sarcomeres along the length of each cell accounts for the striated, or striped, appearance of bony pass in longitudinal section. suction stop slide 4.The liquified endoplasmic reticulum (sarcoplasmic reticulum), modified into an plethoric ne bothrk of membranous channels that store, release, and reconcile in up the calcium necessary for condensing, be positions bits to supercharge organize the myofilaments inside the cell into cylindrical bundles called myofibrils. The stippled appearance of the cytoplasm in cells cut in crossbreed section re cave ins the internal organization of myofilaments bundled into myofibrils by the membranous sarcoplasmic reticulum. What is the passal unit of condensation in skeletal brawn? bottom slide 5. The neural stimulus for condensing arises from the axone of a motor neuron whose axon terminal comes into cockeyed col localisation principle to the muscle cell sarcolemma. Would you characterize skeletal muscle as voluntary or involuntary? hollo the site of close juxtaposition of an axon terminal with the muscle cell plasmalemma. Skeletal muscle in addition has an colossal alignment interweave part that, in addition to conepithelial ducting broth vessels and nerves, becomes unceasing with the connecter tissue of its tendon.The tendon in turn is at one time unvarying with the coincidence tissue covering (the periosteum) of the bordering bone. This conjunctive tissue continuity from muscle to tendon to bone is the basis for movement of the musculoskeletal dust. What is the name of the loose beolar conjugation tissue covering of an single muscle fiber? endomysium The pe lineysium is a collagenous joining tissue socio-economic class that groups several muscle fibers together into bundles called fascicles . the sacromeres What be the two school principal contractile proteins that compose the useable unit of contraction?Which coincidence tissue spirit level surrounds the sinless muscle and merges with the connective tissue of tendons and a poneuroses? epimysium actin and myosin What is the specific kind ruby of the functional unit of contraction to the striated appearance of a skeletal muscle fiber? the repeating pattern of the sacromeres organized end to end 124 Histology freshen Supplement Nervous Tissue palingenesis From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Review Supplement. When the concealment comes up, click convey an Image base. From Group Listing, click Nervous tissue slides.To view slides without labels, click the Labels forward button at the bottom duty of the monitor. Nervous tissue is undisturbed of nerve cells (neurons) and a medley of pledge cells. flip slide 1. each nerve cell consists of a cell dust (perikaryon) and one or more(prenominal) cellular processes (axon and dendrites) locomoteing from it. The cell em bole contains the essence, which is typically pale-staining and round or spherical in shape, and the usual assortment of cytoplasmic organelles. Characteristically, the nuc leus features a prominent nucleolus frequently described as resembling the upil of a shuttles eye (birds eye, or owls eye, nucleolus). riffle slide 2. The cytoplasm of the cell system is most lots granular in appearance due to the presence of in darkness stain clumps of ribo manys and rough endoplasmic reticulum (Nissl bodies/ Nissl substance). Generally, a single axon arises from the cell body at a pale-staining region (axon hillock), poverty-stricken of Nissl bodies. The localization and number of dendrites arising from the cell body varies greatly. Axons and dendrites argon grouped together in the peripheral nervous trunk (PNS) to miscellanea peripheral nerves.What is the primary unit of function in nervous tissue? get through slide 5. Because Schwann cells are aligned in series and myelinate only(prenominal) a blue portion of a single axon, menial-pitched gaps occur among the myelin sheaths of nigh contiguous Schwann cells. The gaps, called nodes of Ranvier, together with the insulating properties of myelin, enhance the despatch of conduction of electrical impulses along the length of the axon. Different obtain cells and myelinating cells are present in the central nervous dodging (CNS). What is the general name for all support cells within the CNS? neuroglial cells scream the specific myelinating cell of the CNS. Oligodendrocyte In the PNS, connective tissue as well as plays a agency in providing support and organization. In circumstance, the organization and organization of the connective tissue investments of peripheral nerves are similar to those of skeletal muscle. pervade slide 3. Each diverse(prenominal) axon or dendrite is surrounded by a thin and breakable degree of loose connective tissue called the endoneurium (not shown. ) The perineurium, a slightly thicker spirit level of loose connective tissue, groups many axons and dendrites together into bundles (fascicles).The outer(a)most epineurium surrounds the entire n erve with a thick point of dense irregular connective tissue, oft infilt set upd with adipose tissue, that conveys snag and lymphatic vessels to the nerve. at that place is no connective tissue piece within the nervous tissue of the CNS. What is the relationship of the endoneurium to the myelin sheath? neuron Name the pale-staining region of the cell body from which the axon arises. nucleus The support cells of the nervous trunk actualize extremely of the essence(p) functions including support, protection, insulation, and harbour and regulation of the microenvironment that surrounds the nerve cells. firedog slides 3, 4. In the PNS, support cells surround cell bodies (satellite cells) and somebody axons and dendrites (Schwann cells). Schwann cells, in particular, are responsible for swathe their cell membrane jelly-roll style close to axons and dendrites to form an insulating sleeve called the myelin sheath. enwrap and protects Histology Review Supplement 125 hormone s ecretor Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Review Supplement. When the examine comes up, click fill an Image Group.From Group Listing, click Endocrine tissue slides. To view slides without labels, click the Labels remove button at the bottom correct of the monitor. antrum, except for a thin rim of granulosa cells (corona radiata) that encircles the oocyte and a pedestal of granulosa cells (cumulus oophorus) that attaches the oocyte to the inner hem in of the antrum. Which cells of the ovarian follicle secrete estrogen? thyroidal secretory organ The thyroid gland regulates metamorphosis by regulating the secernment of the internal secretions T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine) into the parenthood. in distort slide 1. The gland is make up of fluid-filled (colloid) spheres, called follicles, create by a unprejudiced epithelial tissue that goat be squamous to columniform depending upon the glands activity. The colloid stored in the follicle s is primarily composed of a glycoprotein (thyroglobulin) that is synthesized and secreted by the follicular cells. below the influence of the pituitary gland, the follicular cells take up the colloid, convert it into T3 and T4, and secrete the T3 and T4 into an extensive hairlike tubing network.A second state of cells, parafollicular (C) cells (not shown), may be found bewildered through the follicular epithelial tissue but often are present in the connective tissue surrounded by follicles. The pale-staining parafollicular cells secrete the protein hormone calcitonin. Why is the thyroid gland considered to be an endocrine organ? uterus hotdog slides 4, 5, 6. The uterus is a roar muscular organ with ternary major(ip) layers the endometrium, myometrium, and either an adventitia or a serosa. The middle(a), myometrial layer of the uterine environ is composed of several layers of inactive muscle oriented in different planes. get through slide 6. The inward ( hot the lm) endometrial layer is further divided functionally into a sounding functional layer (stratum functionalis) and a chummy basal layer (stratum basalis). gabble slide 4. A simple columniform epithelial tissue with both ciliated and nonciliated cells lines the rise of the endometrium. The endometrial connective tissue features an abundance of vasiform endometrial glands that extend from the base to the pop of the layer. During the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle, shown here, the endometrium becomes thicker as the glands and note vessels proliferate.Click slide 5. In the secretory phase, the endometrium and its glands and race vessels are fully expanded. Click slide 6. In the menstrual phase, the glands and argumentation vessels degenerate as the functional layer of the endometrium sloughs away. The dusky basal layer (stratum basalis) is not sloughed and will regenerate the endometrium during the next proliferative phase. Which layer of the endometrium is shed duri ng the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle? it secrets a horomone What hormone secreted by the pituitary gland controls the synthesis and secretion of T3 and T4? TSH thyroid stimulating hormoneWhat is the function of calcitonin? causes CA to be released into logical argument Ovary The ovary is an organ that serves both an exocrine gland gland function in producing eggs (ova) and an endocrine function in secreting the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Click slide 2. Grossly, the ovary is divided into a peripherally located cortex in which the oocytes (precursors to the ovulated egg) spring up and a central medulla in which connective tissue surrounds railway line vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves. The oocytes, together with supporting cells (granulosa cells), form the ovarian follicles seen in the cortex at various stages of development.Click slide 3. As an item-by-item oocyte grows, granulosa cells proliferate from a single layer of cuboidal cells that surround the o ocyte to a cellular layer that defines a fluid-filled spherical follicle. In a mature follicle (Graafian follicle), the granulosa cells are displaced to the outskirt of the fluid-filled 126 Histology Review Supplement endometrium What is the function of the profound basal layer (stratum basalis) of the endometrium? regenerate smart superficial layer What composes a serosa? perimetriumHow does the serosa of the uterus, where present, differ from visceral peritoneum? location Pancreas The pancreas is both an endocrine and an exocrine gland. Click slide 7. The exocrine attribute is characterized by glandular secretory units (acini) formed by a simple epithelial tissue of angulate or pyramidal cells that encircle a nice central lm. The central lm is the direct connection to the duct strategy that conveys the exocrine secretions out of the gland. Scattered among the exocrine secretory units are the pale-staining clusters of cells that compose the endocrine portion of the gland.T he cells that form these clusters, called pancreatic isle cells (islets of Langerhans), secrete a number of hormones, including insulin and glucagon. Do the pancreatic islets secrete their hormones into the alike(p) duct frame used by the exocrine secretory cells? no, but in a flash into blood stream Histology Review Supplement 127 cardiovascular Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Review Supplement. When the screen comes up, click Select an Image Group. From Group Listing, click Cardiovascular Tissue Slides. To view slides without labels, click the Labels away button at the bottom honorable of the monitor.Which component of the intercalated disc is a juncture that provides the intercellular communication required for the myocardium to perform as a functional syncytium? gap juntions argumentation Vessels Blood vessels form a system of conduits through which lifesustaining blood is conveyed from the snapper to all parts of the body and fundamentward to the face again. Click slide 3. Generally, the border of e genuinely vessel is described as being composed of three layers, or tunics. The tunic intima, or tunica interna, a simple squamous endothelium and a gnomish keep down of subjacent loose connective tissue, is the innermost layer near to the vessel lumen. radiate muscle and elastin are the predominant constituents of the middle tunica media, and the outermost tunica adventitia, or tunica externa, is a connective tissue layer of variable burdensomeness that provides support and transmits smaller blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves. The thickness of each tunic varies widely with location and function of the vessel. Arteries, subjected to considerable pressure fluctuations, subscribe thicker jettys overall, with the tunica media being thicker than the tunica adventitia.Veins, in contrast, are subjected to much lower pressures and have thinner walls overall, with the tunica adventitia often outsizing the tunica med ia. Because thin-walled veins conduct blood back to the heart against gravity, valves (not present in arteries) besides are present at intervals to fores magniloquent back bleed. In capillaries, where exchange occurs amid the blood and tissues, the tunica intima alone composes the vessel wall. The tunica media of the aorta would have a much greater proportion of what type of tissue than a small arterial blood vessel? Heart The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump.Although its wall can be divided into three explicit histological layers (endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium), the cardiac muscle of the myocardium composes the heap of the heart wall. Click slide 1. contracted cardiac muscle cells (myocytes, myofibers) have the same striated appearance as skeletal muscle, but are branched rather than cylindrical in shape and have one (occasionally two) nucleus (myonucleus) rather than many. The cytoplasmic striations gibe the same organization of myofilaments (sarcomeres) an d alignment of sarcomeres as in skeletal muscle, and the mechanism of contraction is the same.The intercalated disc, however, is a feature extraordinary to cardiac muscle. The densely stained twist is a complex of intercellular junctions (desmosomes, gap junctions, fasciae adherens) that structurally and functionally link cardiac muscle cells end to end. A second population of cells in the myocardium composes the noncontractile intrinsic conduction system (nodal system). Although cardiac muscle is autorhythmic, meaning it has the skill to contract involuntarily in the absence seizure of extrinsic temper provided by the nervous system, it is the intrinsic conduction system that prescribes the rate and orderly sequence of contraction.Extrinsic innervation only modulates the inherent activity. Click slide 2. Of the various components of the noncontractile intrinsic conduction system, Purkinje fibers are the most readily observed histologically. They are particularly riotous in t he ventricular myocardium and are recognized by their very pale-staining cytoplasm and bigger diameter. The connective tissue component of cardiac muscle is comparatively sparse and lacks the organization present in skeletal muscle. Which component of the intercalated disc is a strong intercellular junction that functions to keep cells from being pulled apart during contraction? lastic fiber In general, which vessel would have a larger lumen, an artery or its synonymous vein? vein Why would the tunica media and tunica adventitia not be present in a capillary tubing? to allow material exchange amongst blood and tissue desmosomes What is a functional syncytium? Because the cardiac muscle cells are mechanically, chemically, and electrically connected to one another, the entire tissue resembles a single, enormous muscle cell. 128 Histology Review Supplement Respiratory Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Review Supplement.When the screen comes up, click Sel ect an Image Group. From Group Listing, click Respiratory Tissue Slides. To view slides without labels, click the Labels Off button at the bottom right of the monitor. The respiratory system serves both to conduct oxygenated air deep into the lungs and to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood. The trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles are the part of the system of airways that conduct air into the lungs. Click slide 2. The trachea and bronchi are similar in morphology.Their lumens are lined by pseudostratified columnlike ciliated epithelial tissue with chalice cells (respiratory epithelium), underlain by a connective tissue lamina propria and a deeper connective tissue sub mucose membrane with coiled sero-mucous glands that open onto the surface lining of the airway lumen. Click slide 1. Deep to the submucosa are the hyaline cartilage rings that add structure to the wall of the airway and prevent its collapse. peripheral device to the cartilage is a connect ive tissue adventitia. The sero-mucous glands are similarly visible in this slide. Click slide 3.The bronchioles, in contrast, are much smaller in diameter with a uninterrupted layer of limpid muscle in place of the cartilaginous reinforcements. A gradual decrease in the height of the epithelium to simple columnar also occurs as the bronchioles decrease in diameter. Distally the bronchioles give way to the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli in which fellate exchange occurs. In the respiratory bronchiole, the epithelium becomes simple cuboidal and the continuous glint muscle layer is interrupted at intervals by the presence of alveoli inserted into the bronchiolar wall.Click slide 4. Although some exchange occurs in the respiratory bronchiole, it is within the alveoli of the alveolar ducts and sacs that the prevalence of throttle exchange transpires. Here the walls of the alveoli, desolate of flavorless muscle, are reduced in thickness to the thinnest possible juxtaposition of simple squamous alveolar cell to simple squamous capillary endothelial cell. What are the primary functions of the respiratory epithelium? What is the primary functional unit of the lung? alveoli The alveolar wall is very delicate and subject to collapse.Why is there no inactive muscle present in its wall for support? smooth muscle would hinder the gas exchange What are the three basic components of the air-blood barrier? alveolar, capillary walls and basal laminae humidfy, filter and warm elect(postnominal) air Why doesnt gas exchange occur in bronchi? bronchi have no alveoli Histology Review Supplement 129 digestive Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Review Supplement. When the screen comes up, click Select an Image Group. From Group Listing, click Digestive Tissue Slides.To view slides without labels, click the Labels Off button at the bottom right of the monitor. smooth muscle nearest the stomach, and a mix of both s keletal and smooth muscle in between. 4. The outermost layer of the defile is an adventitia for the portion of the esophagus in the thorax, and a serosa after the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm and enters the abdominal cavity. Click slide 3. Here we can see the abrupt change in epithelium at the gastroesophageal junction, where the esophagus becomes continuous with the stomach. Briefly explain the difference between an adventitia and a serosa. Salivary GlandThe digestive process put downs in the let out with the physical breakdown of viands by mastication. At the same time salivary gland secretions moisten the nutriment and begin to hydrolyze carbohydrates. The saliva that enters the mouth is a mix of serous secretions and mucus (mucin) produced by the three major pairs of salivary glands. Click slide 1. The secretory units of the salivary tissue shown here are composed predominantly of clusters of pale-staining mucussecreting cells. More darkly stained serous cells cluste r to form a demilune (half moon) adjacent to the lumen and contribute a get through fluid to the salivary secretion.Salivary secretions hunt to the mouth from the respective glands through a well-developed duct system. Are salivary glands endocrine or exocrine glands? serosa secret serous fluid, and adventitia dont. Stomach The wall of the stomach has the same basic four-layered organization as that of the esophagus. Click slide 4. The mucosa of the stomach consists of a simple columnar epithelium, a thin connective tissue lamina propria, and a thin muscularis mucosa. The most probatory feature of the stomach mucosa is that the epithelium invaginates deeply into the lamina propria to form superficial stomachal pits and deeper gastric glands.Although the epithelium of the stomach is composed of a variety of cell types, each with a unique and grand function, only three are mentioned here (see slide 5). Click slide 5. The surface mucous cells are simple columnar cells that line th e gastric pits and secrete mucus interminably onto the surface of the epithelium. The large round pink- to red-stained parietal cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCl) line the upper half of the gastric glands more abundant in the lower half of the gastric glands are the chief cells (not shown), usually stained blue, that secrete pepsinogen (a precursor to pepsin).Click slide 4. The submucosa is similar to that of the esophagus but without glands. The muscularis externa has the two typical circumferential and longitudinal layers of smooth muscle, plus an extra layer of smooth muscle oriented obliquely. The stomachs outermost layer is a serosa. What is the function of the mucus secreted by surface mucous cells? exocrine Which salivary secretion, mucous or serous, is more thin and water systemy in consistency? serous Esophagusthrough and through contractions of its muscular wall (peristalsis), the esophagus propels food from the mouth to the stomach. Four major layers are apparen t when the wall of the esophagus is cut in transverse section Click slide 2. 1. The mucosa adjacent to the lumen consists of a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, its immediately subjacent connective tissue (lamina propria) containing blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and cells of the immune system, and a thin smooth muscle layer (muscularis mucosa) forms the limit point between the mucosa and the submucosa.Because this slide is a low magnification view, it is not possible to describe all parts of the mucosa nor the boundary between it and the submucosa. 2. The submucosa is a layer of connective tissue of variable density, traversed by larger caliber vessels and nerves, that houses the mucus-secreting esophageal glands whose secretions protect the epithelium and further lubricate the passing food bolus. 3. Much of the substance of the esophageal wall consists of both circumferentially and longitudinally oriented layers of muscle called the muscularis externa.The muscularis externa is composed of skeletal muscle nearest the mouth, 130 Histology Review Supplement protects the epithelium Small Intestine The key to reasonableness the histology of the small intestine lies in penetrative that its major function is absorption. To that end, its shock- resideent surface area has been amplified greatly in the quest ways 1. The mucosa and submucosa are impel into permanent folds (plicae circulares). 2. Fingerlike extensions of the lamina propria form villi (singular villus) that expulsion into the enteral lumen (click slide 7). 3.The individual simple columnar epithelial cells (enterocytes) that cover the villi have microvilli (a brush border), tiny projections of top(prenominal) plasma membrane to affix their absorptive surface area (click slide 6). Click slide 7. Although all three segments of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) possess villi and tube-shaped crypts of Lieberkuhn that project deep into the mucosa between vi lli, some unique features are present in particular segments. For example, large mucous glands (duodenal glands, Brunners glands) are present in the submucosa of the duodenum.In addition, permanent aggregates of lymphatic tissue (Peyers patches) are a unique characteristic of the ileum (click slide 8). Aside from these specific features and the fact that the height of the villi vary from quite tall in the duodenum to fairly short in the terminal ileum, the overall morphology of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa is quite similar in all three segments. Why is it important for the duodenum to add large quantities of mucus (from the duodenal glands) to the partly digested food entering it from the stomach?Click slide 10. Located in the touch connective tissue, roughly at the points of the hexagon where three lobules meet, is the portal triad (portal canal). Click slide 12. The three constituents of the portal triad embroil a branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of t he hepatic portal vein, and a bile duct. Both the hepatic artery and portal vein empty their oxygen-rich blood and nourishing-rich blood, respectively, into the sinusoids. This blood mixes in the sinusoids and flows centrally in between and around the hepatocytes toward the central vein.Bile, produced by hepatocytes, is secreted into very small channels (bile canaliculi) and flows peripherally (away from the central vein) to the bile duct. Thus, the flow of blood is from peripheral to central in a hepatic lobule, while the bile flow is from central to peripheral. What general type of cell is the phagocytic Kupffer cell? immune Blood in the portal vein flows directly from what organs? liver What is the function of bile in the digestive process? protects intestinal walls raises alkalinity to create ideal pH colon Click slide 9.The four-layered organization is hold in the wall of the colon, but the colon has no villi, only crypts of Lieberkuhn. Simple columnar epithelial cells (enter ocytes with microvilli) are present to absorb water from the digested food mass, and the numbers of mucous goblet cells are increased substantially, especially toward the distal end of the colon. Why is it important to have an abundance of mucous goblet cells in the colon? because they secrete mucous, which is important to fascilitate degestion Pancreas Click slide 13. The exocrine portion of the pancreas synthesizes and secretes pancreatic enzymes.The individual exocrine secretory unit, or acinus, is formed by a group of pyramidal- determine pancreatic acinar cells agglomerative around a central lumen into which they secrete their products. A system of pancreatic ducts then transports the enzymes to the duodenum where they are added to the lumen table of contents to further aid digestion. The groups of pale-staining cells are the endocrine pancreatic islet (islets of Langerhans) cells. Liver The functional tissue of the liver is organized into hexagonally shaped cylindrical lobule s, each delineated by connective tissue.Click slide 11. within the lobule, large rounded hepatocytes form bilinear cords that radiate peripherally from the contract of the lobule at the central vein to the surround connective tissue. Blood sinusoids lined by simple squamous endothelial cells and darkly stained phagocytic Kupffer cells are interposed between cords of hepatocytes in the same radiating pattern. Histology Review Supplement 131 Renal Tissue Review From the PhysioEx main menu, select Histology Review Supplement. When the screen comes up, click Select an Image Group.From Group Listing, click Renal Tissue Slides. To view slides without labels, click the Labels Off button at the bottom right of the monitor. The many functions of the kidney accommodate filtration, absorption, and secretion. The kidney filters the blood of metabolic wastes, water, and electrolytes and reabsorbs most of the water and sodium ions filtered to regulate and maintain the bodys fluid volume and e lectrolyte balance. The kidney also plays an endocrine role in secreting compounds that increase blood pressure and stimulate red blood cell production.The uriniferous tubule is the functional unit of the kidney. It consists of two components the nephron to filter and the amass tubules and ducts to carry away the filtrate. Click slide 1. The nephron itself consists of the renal mote, an intimate tie beam of the glomerular capillaries (glomerulus) with the cup-shaped Bowmans ejector seat, and a single elongated renal tubule consisting of segments regionally and sequentially named the proximal convolute tubule (PCT), the fall and ascending segments of the loop of Henle, and the distal knotty tubule (DCT).Click slide 2. A walk-to(prenominal) look at the renal corpuscle shows both the simple squamous epithelium of the outer layer (parietal layer) of the glomerular capsule (Bowmans capsule) and the specialized inner layer (visceral layer) of podocytes that extend footlike processe s to completely envelop the capillaries of the renal glomerulus. Processes of adjacent podocytes interdigitate with one another, leaving only small slits (filtration slits) between the processes through which fluid from the blood is filtered.The filtrate then flows into the urinary station that is directly continuous with the first segment of the renal tubule, the PCT. The PCT is lined by robust cuboidal cells equipped with microvilli to greatly increase the surface area of the side of the cell facing the lumen. Click slide 3. In the loop of Henle, lining cells are simple squamous to simple cuboidal. The DCT cells are also simple cuboidal but are usually much smaller than those of the PCT. The sparse distribution of microvilli, if present at all, on the cells of the DCT relates to their lesser role in absorption.The DCT is continuous directly with the collecting tubules and collecting ducts that expire the filtrate out of the kidney. The large renal artery and its many subdivision s provide an abundant blood supply to the kidney. The smallest distal branches of the renal artery become the afferent arteriolas that directly supply the capillaries of the glomerulus. In a unique situation, blood from the glomerular capillaries passes into the efferent arteriole rather than into a venule.The efferent arteriole then perfuses two more capillary beds, the peritubular capillary bed and vasa recta that provide nutrient blood to the kidney tissue itself, before in conclusion draining into the renal venous system. In which segment of the renal tubule does roughly 7580% of reabsorption occur? proximal convoluted tubules How are proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) cells similar to enterocytes of the small intestine? both absorb water, salts, vitamins, phosphatesStarting from inside the glomerular capillary through to the urinary space, what are the three layers through which the filtrate mustiness pass? glomerular capillary enothelium, glomrular root cellar membrane viscer al layer of bowmans capsule Under normal circumstances in a healthy individual, would red blood cells or any other cells be present in the renal filtrate? no In addition to providing nutrients to the kidney tubules, what is one other function of the capillaries in the peritubular capillary bed? they deliver blood to tubular sites 132 Histology Review Supplement