Extraction of Caffeine Essay Example

Extraction of Caffeine Essay Example Extraction of Caffeine Essay Extraction of Caffeine Essay Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Jaybee Balilea, Sharmaine Baysic, and Maria Anjelette Patricia Belen 3BIO7, Department of Biology, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines Abstract Extraction is a technique for isolating and purifying organic substances. In this technique, a solution is combined thoroughly with a second solvent that is immiscible with the first solvent. The solute is extracted from one solvent into the other because it is more soluble in the second solvent than in the first. In this experiment, there were two types of extraction used and these were the Liquid-liquid extraction and Solid-liquid extraction. Liquid-liquid extraction involves a liquid solvent to remove a liquid component from liquid while Solid-liquid extraction allows soluble components to be removed from solids using a solvent. These two types of extraction were used to extract caffeine from tea leaves (Thea sinensis). Caffeine belongs to the group of compounds known as Alkaloids. Alkaloids are a diverse group of compounds that are found in plants and contain basic nitrogen atoms. There were three methods used in extracting caffeine from tea leaves. These were isolation, purification and characterization of caffeine. Based on the calculations made and with the use of these three methods, a caffeine percentage of . 05% and melting point range of standard caffeine and purified caffeine, 27 °C and 20 °C, respectively were obtained. Introduction Extraction is a separation technique that involves selectively removing one or more components of a solid, liquid, or a gaseous mixture into a separate phase [1]. The substance being extracted is separated between two immiscible combined phases, and the ratios of its distribution between the phases depend on the relative solubility of the solute in each phase. A type of extraction, Liquid-liquid extraction is a process used in isolating and purifying products from chemical reactions. This technique includes distributing a solute between two immiscible liquids. The immiscible liquids normally encountered in the organic laboratory are water and some organic solvent. This process can be considered a competition between two immiscible liquids for the distribution of solute. Another type of extraction used in this experiment is Solid-liquid extraction. This is a process of removing soluble components from solids using solvent. Caffeine is a natural product belongs to the group of compounds called Alkaloids [3] . It stimulates respiration, the heart and the central nervous system, is a smooth muscle relaxant and a diuretic. In the experiment, tea leaves were use to extract caffeine. Usually in tea leaves there are 30 to 75 mg per cup caffeine. This experiment aims to isolate, to purify, to characterize caffeine from tea leaves and to calculate the percentage yield of caffeine from tea leaves. Results and Discussion The experiment was divided into three parts: isolation, purification and characterization. In isolation part, Lipton yellow label tea leaves were used. And these was pre-weighed and extracted in boiling 100 ml distilled water for 5 minutes. Boiling water was used so that tea leaves swell to release caffeine and other compounds such as tannins. Then the extract in a flask were cooled with use of running tap water and it was transferred in a separatory funnel containing 20ml of CH2Cl2. Dichloromethane was used to selectively extract the caffeine from the water which retains most of the other organic compounds. In this experiment, solubility is the principle behind extraction. The separatory funnel was shook gently to make sure that the solvent moves along the tea leaf particles to extract all the caffeine. The stopcock of the separatory funnel was opened while shaking to release any pressure building up inside. After shaking, the CH2Cl2 lower layer was drained into a clean flask and this shaking and draining was repeated 3 times until all drained CH2Cl2 lower layer was washed with 6M Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). Sodium Hydroxide was used to ensure that other substances which are slightly soluble to dichloromethane are removed by converting them to their salts that remain in the water. The Dichloromethane extract was dried with anhydrous salt (Na2SO4). Anhydrous salt is a catalyst which speeds the drying up of the extract. After that, simple distillation was used and the crude caffeine was obtained. Table 1. Isolation of Caffeine | Weight in grams| Weight of Tea Leaves| 10. 2508g| Weight of Empty Round Bottom Flask| 44. 4257g| Weight of Round Bottom + Crude Caffeine| 44. 4716g| Weight of Crude Caffeine| 0. 0459g| This table shows that the crude caffeine obtained was 0. 0459 g. The % crude caffeine was obtained using this formula : % crude caffeine= weight of crude caffeine weight of tea leaves x 100. With the use of the values in the table (weight of crude caffeine=0. 0459g, and weight of tea leaves= 10. 2508g) and the % crude caffeine formula, the % crude caffeine was 0. 45%. In the purification part, the residue resulted from simple distillation undergone sublimation with the use of the purification set-up. Sublimation is a process of transition from solid phase to gas phase. The result of sublimation which was the sublimate also known as the purified caffeine was used in the determination of caffeine’s melting point which is the characterization part. Also two capillary tubes, glass tubing, the characterization set of separatory funnel Experimental Three Lipton yellow label tea bags were used and the weight of the tea leaves was pre-weighed. The leaves were placed tea bags again and were boiled in distilled water (100ml) for 5minutes. Then the extract was left for cooling down. After that, the tea extract was transferred in a separatory funnel containing 20ml Dichloromethane. The funnel was carefully shaken three times with the stopcock left open to release the pressure inside the funnel. The lower layer of the Dichloromethane (DCM) was drained into a clean flask. The shaken as well as the draining of the DCM were repeated thrice. The DCM extracts were combined and placed again into the separatory funnel. It was then washed with NaOH solution. NaOH layer was removed and the DCM layer was drained into a clean dry beaker containing a half spatula of anhyd Na2SO4. Solution was agitated to let Na2SO4 settle. The solution together with the anhydrous salt was left in the locker to dry up. After allowing it to dry up, the crude caffeine was scraped from the container and was transferred in a filter tube with the fitted inner test tube that served as a cold finger and for at least 35minutes. The cold finger was constantly refilled with ice water. Inner tube was gently removed. Caffeine clinging in a cold finger was scraped off and was transferred in a vial. Then percent yield caffeine was calculated and the weight of the sublimate was also noted. Using mortar and pestle, caffeine crystals were crushed into a very fine powder. One end of a micro capillary was sealed by heating while rotating it at a 45 degree angle from the blue portion of a Bunsen burner flame. Pulverized caffeine was scooped using the open end of the micro tube. Caffeine were packed well at the bottom of the tube by letting it fall inside a one meter long glass tubing and letting it bounce up and down a table top. Same was done on the standard caffeine. Both standard and caffeine samples were tied against a thermometer. Thermometer was clamped and dipped a beaker filled with cooking oil. Cooking oil was heated with the Bunsen burner flame. Cooking oil was constantly stirred to evenly distribute the heat. Temperature range was recorded between the first appearances of liquid within the sample to the disappearance of the last traces of solid. Appendix % crude caffeine= weight of crude caffeine weight of tea leaves x 100 % caffeine = weight of sublimateweight of tea leaves x 100 Group 2 % crude caffeine= 0. 0459g10. 2508g x 100= 0. 45% % caffeine= 0. 0102g10. 2508g x 100= 0. 05% Temperature range= T2-T1 A. Standard Caffeine 27 °C 220 °C = 27 °C B. Purified Caffeine 200 °C- 180 °C= 20 °C References [1] Gilbert,J. Martin S. , â€Å"Organic Chemistry Lab Experiments†. 5th edition, Cengage Learning, USA, ©2011, pp. 73 [2] Engel R. , Kriz G. , Lampman G, Pavia, D. , â€Å"Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques, A Small Scale Approach†. 3rd edition, Cengage Learning, USA ,  © 2011, pp. 452 [3] Retrieved on July 11, 2011 from World Wide Web: http//chem. -courses. ucsd. edu/coursepages/uglabs/143A_weizman/expt_3N. pdf [4] Retrieved on July 11, 2011 from World Wide Web: http//ochemonline. pbworks. com/f/05_caffeine. pdf

Irradiation in Food essays

Irradiation in Food essays Food borne illnesses increase dramatically every year, causing death and financial waste in their wake (Shea N.P). Irradiation is the solution but skeptic criticism is implanting fear in the minds of uninformed consumers, consequently preventing the mountains of advantage this new technology has to offer. Skeptics would wait for thousands of so-called new studies to tell us the same thing the old studies told us rather than save lives now. In this paper I will show you that, despite these quarrels over little imperfections, irradiation is a highly regulated, safe way to destroy harmful microorganisms in food and that all proven advantages of food irradiation tower over the few baseless fears of ignorant critics. Each year nearly 80,000,000 people become ill, over 320,000 are hospitalized, and over 5,000 die, all due to food borne illnesses (Robertson N.P). According to Dr. Katherine Shea, a Professor at the University of North Carolina, the Nicholas School of the Environment, and the Medical School at Duke University, these numbers are increasing dramatically each year and the irradiation of food is by far the best solution (Shea N.P). Food irradiation can prevent millions of these food borne illnesses. Irradiation destroys Staphylococcus Aurous and Campylobacter Jejuni which together account for more than 2.6 million food borne illnesses. The irradiation of meat reduces salmonella factors by 99 percent (Lutter N.P). Food irradiation also destroys at least 99.9 percent of the most prominent pathogens such as E coli and listeria monocytogenes (Robertson N.P). These amazing numbers should be enough to persuade everyone to purchase irradiated products but critics say that along with destroying harmful microorganisms, irradiation destroys much of the nutrients in food. This is simply untrue. While the irradiation of food does cause some loss of nutrients, Shea writes that this nutrient loss is comparable...

Social and economic impacts on health care in present day related to Coursework

Social and economic impacts on health care in present day related to budget - Coursework Example Inadequate funds also lead to inadequate drugs to administer to their patients. A society will eventually have an inadequate health care thus leading to loss of lives to people who played vital roles in boosting the state’s GDP either directly or indirectly. Budgetary cut hinders health organization from expansion. A health institution might not be able to improve its structures or have more branches due to lack of enough funds. It also discourages innovation, since there will be no sufficient funds to support any project such as offering ambulance services to both its incoming and outgoing patients (Wang, 2006). Lastly, budgetary cut lowers morale of health workers. There will be no funds to employ new health workers despite the increasing rate of patients. It forces the old health workers to work extra hours in regardless of compensation. Health workers experience salary cut-off or even payment delays since some urgent projects needed immediate funding that took time to bring back the income (Khan & Hildreth, 2002). In summary, every state should put more emphasis on sensitive sectors that often require more funds during budgetary allocation despite the budget

Geographies of war, occupation, resistance, and terrorism Essay - 1

Geographies of war, occupation, resistance, and terrorism - Essay Example It goes without saying that most the Arab World has thrown their weight behind Palestine while the US and its Western allies are behind Israel. In June 7, 1981, Israel had attacked and crippled a nuclear reactor before it became operational in a town near Baghdad. Although it claimed self defense, it came under intense criticism even from US their main allies. Much later, the same strategy was used by US to lead a foreign invasion on Iraq under the guise of different reasons (Kramer & Michalowski, 2005). This paper then will try to answer the question why the US invaded Iraq under Bush administration. Plausible Explanation for the Invasion There are many official justifications that were offered by the Bush administration for its invasion of Iraq. The three main ones were that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction, had strong ties with al-Qaeda which all turned to be false after the invasion. The third one was that the sectarian US government was trying to bring democracy in Baghdad. However, unofficially, there are other plausible explanations include control of oil fields and business and for strategic interests. Another explanation that has been overtly explored in the recent past is the assertion that the Israel government and its key supporters in US government caused the Iraq Invasion (Mearsheimer & Walt, 2006). Israel has been over the recent past been dominated by right wing governments and their policies have been supported by their US supporters and have led increased tensions in the Arab world and needless human suffering. However, the idea of invading Iraq is not one of their agendas because it had no value to Israel and if anything it only increased hostility towards Israel in the region (Robert, 2002). It is true that this invasion was supported by many Israel sympathizers and a majority of US Congress members of Jewish origin voted in favor of war resolution together with the American-Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). Indeed, AIPAC had long been touted as an ardent lobbying and supporter of US invasion of Iraq. Although AIPAC had enormous influence on the matters pertaining to the Israel-Palestinian conflict when it came to congressional voting, it had no role in lobbying for the invasion of Iraq. This was largely due to the knowledge that there was an enormous bipartisan support within the US government to invade oil rich Iraq. There were more powerful interests by the US government than the interests of AIPAC in this country like the arms industry, oil deals among other special interests. As such, these interests from the US government and other lobbyist far outweighed the interests of the Zionist lobby groups (Stephen, 2013). Many people and political analysts have tried to point to Israel as the prime suspect for the invasion by quoting many American Zionists and Israeli officials. However, those who are quoted in support of the invasion had expressed their sentiments after the decision to invade Iraq had been arr ived at in 2002. The invasion intended back then was a two thronged attack which later would be extended to Iran later. What this means is that the Israel lobby groups and the Israeli government was willing to procure public support for an invasion campaign which the Bush led US government had independently determined to undertake. In addition, the Bush administration was an ardent supporter of Israel course of actions in its

Ikea report Essay Example for Free

Ikea report Essay Executive summary This report describes the importance of market research, the target market and market segmentation. How a business can use a situation analysis and SWOT to provide a direction for Ikea. This examines how types of customers and buyer behaviour will impact marketing strategies. Evaluates as a key marketing strategy for Ikea as a case study. Analyses marketing strategies can be used to achieve marketing objectives and describes some ethical and legal things that a business must manage and respond to while marketing. Business Overview Ikea is a well-known global brand with hundreds of stores across the world. In order to improve performance, it must assess its external and competitive environment. This will reveal the key opportunities it can take advantage of and the threats it must deal with. Ikea responds to both internal and external issues in a proactive and dynamic manner by using its strengths and reducing its weaknesses. Through this, Ikea is able to generate the strong growth it needs to retain a strong identity in the market. Ikea’s passion combines design, low prices, economical use of resources, and responsibility for people and the environment. The companys products, processes and systems all demonstrate its environmental stance. For example, clever use of packaging and design means more items can fit into a crate, which means fewer delivery journeys. This in turn reduces Ikeas carbon footprint. Ikea believes that there is no compromise between doing good business and being a good business. It aims to go beyond profitability and reputation. Ikea is intent on becoming a leading example in developing a sustainable business. This will create a better everyday life for its customers. Market research When Ikea conducts market research it is important that the business first determines its information needs. The business should have some idea about the type of information it is looking for. It could vary from customer profiles or brand awareness through to attitudes towards certain new products. Once its information needs are established, the business can determine the most appropriate research method. This is primarily done by IKEA group although individual stores would use sales reports in order to  gather data about the types of customers and popular products that are particular to the area or store. The Target Market The target market is a group of customers for whom a particular product has been developed. The business hopes that these people will buy the product when it is made available in the marketplace. Some products appeal to all consumers, while others have limited appeal. A business needs to understand the nature of consumer markets. The three types of markets Ikea appeals to are Consumer, Mass and niche. The products in Ikea produce are universal to all and with their flat pack design they fall into the niche market. Ikea focuses on meeting the customer demands and satisfying their needs. Ikeas main focus is that of the selling orientation. Market segmentation Market segmentation is the process of breaking down a total market into small markets It allows businesses to focus their efforts and resources on a section of the market. By focusing on a particular target group, It would consider the features that consumers of this target group would be looking for in a product, the appropriate promotional strategies to generate awareness of and sustain interest in the product, and the most suitable pricing policies and distribution channels. Market segmentation and product/service differentiation,Demographic segmentation, dividing consumers into groups based on selected demographics, so that different groups can be treated deferent Situation analysis and SWOT Situation analysis is the way in which a business can examine the current position within the market and provides them with direction for their marketing campaign. SWOT is the first stage of planning and looks at the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats involved in a project or business venture. For example, one of Ikeas key strengths is its strategic aim to use no more material than necessary in the production of each item. One particular table, the NORDEN table, uses knotty birch wood. The knots in this wood usually mean it is rejected by other retailers and manufacturers as unsuitable for use. However, IKEA has made the knots part of its design feature. Types of customers. psychographic segmentation, this is based on lifestyle and personality, values and interest, Ikea does not divide the store into sections but you have to walk through the whole store before you can exit, this is a strategy to sell more products. The types of customers vary from people, households, firms, educational institutions, government, clubs and societies, religious organisations. The customers that account for most of Ikeas sale is the bold customer. Ikea is a business that is not aiming towards a purchase occasion but the usage rate of their product, being household items they aim for their products to last well and function to a good quality standard. Ikea has a good user loyalty with a wide range of buyers from the types of customers. Consumers see how affordable Ikea products are and how well they last, as long as they don’t mind putting the product together. The buying process would not be different from Ikea customers but the free yearly catalogue gives purchasers time to plan a trip to Ikea as the Ikea stores are not usually located conveniently due to the large floor space required to house their product. Ikea stores are not usually located outside the inner metropolitan area for this reason. There are psychological, sociocultural, economic and government reasons why people shop or don’t shop are Psychological segmentation Branding. Ikea is ranking 41 in the world’s most valuable brands. The brand name alone is worth 8 million. The brand image for Ikea stands for affordable, contemporary design and its flat pack product range that gives Ikea its identity. The brand name or logo essentially provides a message to the people of the quality and value associated with that product, when they see it they immediately form judgements on the quality, a strong brand name is essentially enhancing the relationship between a business and its customer. Marketing and strategies Product Ikea’s products are tangible, Product matters because it is the reason that customers go to Ikea in the first place. Ikea has the market in flat pack furniture and the unique design attracts customers and meets their needs, this product could include the prestige of owning the product which would also relate to psychological factors. Place Place matters because it is how the customers access the product. The Ikea experience is more than just products, it is a retail concept laid out in such a way that families, singles, couples etc. can enjoy shopping for furniture. A day at Ikea has been described as more of an outing than a shopping trip. Price Price matters because it is at the heart of the Ikea concept. Flat pack furniture cannot compete on price with upmarket, fully assembled pieces, so it is essential that Ikea continues to keep its prices below the competition. Price including pricing methods, market and competition based, Competition based pricing is the commonly used pricing strategy. Promotion Promotion is the most public aspect of marketing and it matters because it helps to drive customers into the stores in order to buy furniture. Ethical and legal. Ikea is recognised as a business that is both legally and ethically a responsible business that looks beyond profit and develops a positive workforce with these practices, advertising is very powerful in developing the wrong or wright idea and misleading advertising is bad ethics. Developing products in 3rd world country is considered unethical because they get payed well below minimum wage. Ikea produces environmentally responsible products, the flat pack design would be argued that it minimizes wastage and the cardboard would be environmentally friendly. The role of consumer law deals with Deceptive and misleading advertising which could be false information about products features and content, false special offers which don’t exist and  overstating the benefits that a product will provide to the consumer. Price discrimination, giving preference to some retail stores by providing them with lower prices than is offered to the competitors of those retailers. The competitor and consumer act aims to discourage the price discrimination in the business environment. Implied conditions and warranties is a great way for a business to ensure the product will last at least the warrantee time, this attracts customers and the consumer expects the business to fulfill their legal obligation to provide a refund or replacement or the product if there is a manufacturing problem within the warranted date, regardless the business by law. Resale price maintenance, this aims to balance the profit maximization of a business, Ikea ensures that the quality of a product in one country doesn’t differ from another. A manufacturer cannot refuse to sell the goods to a retailor if the retailor intends to sell the product for below the recommended price.

What is Art by Clutton Brock :: Visual Arts Paintings Art

What is Art by Clutton Brock The essay â€Å"what is art† is taken form the volume â€Å"essays on life† by clutton brock and was first published in the form of an article in the ‘times literary’ supplement of january 1924. â€Å"everyone now is thinking or talking about the nature of art and aesthetic experience† .clutton-brock begins his essay by stating the popular subject of discussion. This subject ;the nature of art and of beauty is simultaneously confusing as well as thrilling .the problem about the nature of art and aesthetic sense is so confusing that it is hard to pin point what the actual problem really is. The only thing clear about it is that it is novel and new. Art, in the past was always considered inferior to what it reflected. Tolstoy in his book â€Å"what is art?† ,even though he himself saw the importance of art reduced art to an absurdity and valued it in terns of other things and not for it self. That art had not the right to exist for itself ,that it should be judged and valued not for itself but for other subsidary effects whether political ,social, or moral. Such a conception reduces art to nothing and this conception is the opposite of what art truly is. Shelly in his work â€Å"defense of poetry† considered art to be judged by the ethical and intellectual benefits it showered upon mankind. Jonson spoke uncompromisingly on the nature of art. Dr jonson regretted the loss of a proposed epic by dryden because it led to the deprivation of the social and moral edification of mankind .what jonson meant was that art’s function was to socially improve and morally rectify the viewer ,reader or observor of the work of art. Clutton brock opposes this view and says on the contrary if a pieceof art is lost today its loss would be mourned not for the values it could or would impart but rather it would be mourned for the loss of art itself. However jonson thought as he did of art because he already had pre conceived otions about art and had not examined art carefully to see the nature of it. If jonson had done so ,he would have seen that art in truth is never valued for moral or ethical or cultural values but for itself. For Jonson himself would not have read poetry for the stated objects . had he doen so then it would have no longer been poetry. Ever since art evolved man has valued art for itself ,without actually knowing it,for men still look for reasons as to why they should value

Natural environment Essay

It has been long debated the importance of nature verses nurture. It is hard to prove one from the other since it is shown for them both to play major roles in the development of a child to an adult. I believe that my personality is a combination of both nature and nurture but I think that I am +more nurtured. There are so many behaviors that I have developed from the environment I grew up. I have learnt to respect all people from being influenced at school and by my parents. I have also been trained to be responsible of things such as doing my work. I learnt that if I am not responsible and don’t do my work, then I must pay bad consequences. I have also learnt from experiences that if I do what I am supposed to do, I may be rewarded for good things done. My environment has influenced me in many ways to act upon certain things automatically. Things like looking both ways before crossing the street, or other things that appear to be common sense are learnt from nurture. I have gone through many experiences in which I have learnt different lessons. These lessons have taught me how to act in my life. I know that I am very different person than my mom or my dad. I don’t have very much in common with either of them. Although we do share some of the same aspects, I feel that I am more different from them than alike. I have developed the majority of my social skills from my friends and not my parents. Most of my social life revolves around my friends, who have influenced me a lot of the decisions I make and in the way I act. I don’t socialize with my parents nearly as much as I do with my peers. I don’t think I know my parents well enough to say if I am like them when they are around their friends or not. The nature and nurture of a person can vary greatly. Sometimes there are certain things that are hard to decide whether they are inherited or learnt. I might share some qualities with my parents, but they could just be characteristics that I learnt in my life that my parents also learnt in their lives too and were not inherited. I believe that genes indicate the potential for one’s behavior and personality, and that the environment helps create the extent as to how that behavior is carried out.

Proposal Plan Essay

The purpose for the organization Riordan Manufacturing is to stay put in a dynamic, self-motivated and energetic business environment. Riordan Manufacturing is a successful business looking to progress overall presentation and place the company for potential expansion. In order for this to follow through, a total rewards program needs to be created. The incentives and compensation plan, must connect with the goals of the organization. A solid rewards program will build motivation in the work place. As the text states, † the notions that rewards are means to motivate employees assuming that the rewards are distributed fairly. Rewards seem to be part of many different perspectives in motivation.† (Shani & Chandler, 2009, p. 8) The most important part are the employees in this organization, and sadly the motivation is not up to par. Employees who lack motivation, insinuates that employees are not receiving proper rewards. Instead of management focusing on only one specific part of a department, they should rather work together towards a solid vision for the business. Presently, there is room for opportunity, to actually analyze the Human Resource Management system and see what are the problems which are leading employees to show lack of motivation. (Riordan Manufacturing, p.2) Through various research, employees and outside sources, especially Human Capital Consulting firms, believe that financial compensation is lower than market value. Employees are also not comprehending how pay intertwines with job performance. 2003 to 2004 surveys show that employees think that pay connects to seniority. (Chen & Hsieh, 2006, p.13) Adding to standard compensation, individual rewards are not well connected to performance. For example, departments like IT and R&D focus the sales force and rarely see no return. The lack of proper positioning for financial compensation and work performance is causing confusion and affecting the motivational problems. Riordan Manufacturing needs to acknowledge that employees views need to be considered. Hence why the distance in understanding between the employees and the business needs to be fixed. Alterations to financial compensation can be expensive. The consultant from Human Capital Consulting the reward and compensation system needs to be fully reformed. The total cost of the reward system alterations are about $175,000. Since the business has been dealing with sales declining an investment of that sort would put the organization at a high risk. (Gross, 1994, p.1). Even though it has to deal with that expense the organization has the chance to compete better in the market and lessen the risk of losing employees to other businesses due to financial compensation formats. This problem can be resolved if the management team at Riordan Manufacturing takes into consideration the cause of external competition. Key objectives to consider are to make certain that the pay is enough to attract and sustain employees. If employees do not see that their pay is competitive compared to what other organizations are giving for the same type of work, then that might cause for the employee to leave. Even though employee motivation and financial compensation are viewed as big problems for Riordan, the business ability to form attraction and support career enhancement has been weakening. The problems can be caused by the lack of Human Resource Management in the business strategic human capital management, with a failure by leadership to form a successful culture that aids the business objectives. As the business sets itself straight and alters its strategy, it will be vital to effectively train employees and make certain that they are set for the challenges that come their way. Sadly, motivation issues are harming the business and may affect the strategic changes. Examples of the weak culture and employee development are seen in the Research & Development and IT parts of the organization. Each section contributes to the success of the business but receives rarely any recognition, whether it is pay or just an overall recognition. Riordan Manufacturing has the chance to brace the culture and form a complete employee development system that supports the enterprises vision and goals for the future. To add to this the business has the ability to explore other areas aside from the financial compensation to augment employee motivation and job satisfaction. Executing a career development system will not be enough for long-term enhancements. Management at Riordan Manufacturing will need to center on building situations that practice career development. (Mason, 2000, pg. 22) Employees at Riordan Manufacturing have different interests. These interest can include financial compensation, career enhancement or development, strong and effective communication and of course support from the management team. Employees have the right to be rewarded fairly and be acknowledged for their efforts and hard work to the organization. To add to this, employees have the right to be included in the organizations culture instead of being part of teams that are divided up. This usually leads to a lack of direction. Employees crave cooperation, a challenging working environment and dedication. That’s why effective end state goals would be to make certain that employee motivation is being measured effectively. Also, form career development plans and spot out important achievements within the business. Not only employee motivation should be worked on, but also set up a comprehensive rewards system. The reward system will give employees the chance to take charge of their reward as well as form a spot to market benefits that pertain to Riordan Manufacturing employees. An internal web application should be created by HR. (Donavan, 2005, pg12) The system will center on benefits administration, cross-function team goal management, and incentive rewards tracking systems. Employees will have the option of reviewing their benefits and make alterations on their time. Also, managers will be able to appraise the improvement and donations made by cross-functional teams. Sales statistics will also be part of the reward system to keep track of sales performance. Riordan Manufacturing needs to restructure its employee compensation program. This means, that the organization needs to first acknowledge that employee motivation is low. From there, increase it, by rewarding employees for a job well done. Acknowledging them in front of their employees, and even bonuses will be nice. Flexible schedule is so important. Basically, re-evaluating everything to make certain that employees are feeling valued. References Chen, H.M., Hsieh, Y.H. (2006). Key Trends of the Total Reward System in the 21st Century. Retrieved January 5, 2013 from, http://cbr.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/38/6/64 Donavan, D. (2005). Don’t bar bosses from extra perks. Employee Benefits; p9-9, 1/4p, 1c. Retrieved from EBSCOhost Database. 18382022 Gross, S.E., Paul, B.N. (1994). Missing links?. Across the Board; Vol. 31 Issue 2. Retrieved January 15, 2013 from, EBSCOhost Database. 9411170727 Mason, J. (2000). Getting Paid For Giving Advice. Financial Planning; Vol. 30 Issue 6. Retrieved January 11, 2013 from EBSCOhost Database. 3182580 Riordan Manufacturing. Retrieved January 3, 2013, from http://riordan- manufacturing.ciiio.com/ Shani, A.B. R., Chandler, D., & Coget, J. (2009). Behavior In Organizations: An Experiential Approach (9th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

Top 10 Writing Apps for Android Smartphones

Top 10 Writing Apps for Android Smartphones Top 10 Writing Apps for Android Smartphones Top 10 Writing Apps for Android Smartphones By Daniel Scocco Today’s modern writer doesn’t always have time to sit down at his desktop and write. With more and more writers living the digital nomad style, there is a major demand for technology that can help. If you are an Android user, here are 13 writing apps that you should know about. 1. Dictionary.com App This one is pretty self-explanatory. Even the best writers make spelling mistakes from time to time. Whether you are writing professionally or casually, clarifying the spelling or meaning of a word is important and nothing to be ashamed of. The Dictionary.com app boasts 2 million definitions and synonyms and it is guaranteed to help you stay up to date on the words you use. 2. DropBox Before you question the addition of DropBox, you need to understand why it is an important app for writers. Writers often work on multiple devices and being able to access your files across all of them is essential. DropBox offers you a seamless cloud experience, the ability to edit your word files, and so much more. As a writer myself, I’ve been a paying customer for nearly 3 years now and will continue to use it. 3. Monospace Monospace might not look like much, but it offers one of the best barebones experiences you will find. If you value a minimalist writing style that allows you to do the basics, like bold, italics, strikethrough, bullets, quotes, and sizing, then this is the perfect writing app for you. What makes Monospace so good at what it does is that it trims away all of the unnecessary fat that other writing apps are bloated with. 4. JotterPad JotterPad, like Monospace, is a plain text editor that is capable of helping you write on the go. This writing app is a favorite amongst creative writers because of its simple style. It also features a dictionary, which will help you stay on top of those nasty typos. 5. Writer Plus Writer Plus doesn’t shy away from what it really is, a simplified word processor. This no-frills word processor will allow you to write down your ideas, but not much else. One of the best features Writer Plus has is the support of keyboard shortcuts like undo, redo, and more. You can also save and share files with your friends, which makes it the ideal program to use if you are collaborating with others. 6. Microsoft Word What kind of Android writing app list would this be if we didn’t include Microsoft Word? Microsoft Word is arguably the most robust writing program on the market. It boasts a slew of features, some of which you may never use, but just having them is nice. Because this app is designed by Microsoft, it comes with a lot of extra functionality. For example, you can edit all Office docs, old and new, and it can even edit docs that are attached to emails. This is the perfect app to use if you need something a little more professional than Monospace or JotterPad. 7. ColorNote If you need something a little simpler than a traditional word processor, ColorNote is what you are looking for. What makes ColorNote ideal is the way that it lets you take quick notes and color code them. This will allow you to organize your projects. Another underrated feature of ColorNote is the password system it provides you with. If you are taking notes that contain sensitive information, simply put a password on the note to protect it. 8. Simple Note Maybe you want something less colorful than ColorNote? Try Simple Note. Simple Note is lightweight, fast, and you can pin your notes to specific pages on your phone. This is my personal go-to note-taking app and has been for the last 2 years. 9. Evernote Evernote takes note-taking to the next level. This feature-rich app allows you to take notes, organize them, format them, and so much more. One of the best Evernote features is its ability to clip web pages, images, and PDF files. The program also syncs with your computer, allowing you to create notes that you can share across all platforms. If you are working in groups, you can share your Evernote files with your friends and colleagues. 10. INKredible – Handwriting Note INKredible certainly isn’t the most useful of the Android apps mentioned. However, it does allow you to take handwritten notes if you prefer to take your notes in an old-fashioned way. The developers of this app decided to create a distraction free experience, meaning that you will not have to fight with a clunky UI to take your notes. This application works best on tablets due to their larger screens. Personal Preference In the end, personal preference is everything. Some people love feature-rich apps, while others prefer plain text word processors. If you think we missed an important Android writing app, let us know in the comments below. 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How to use adverbs effectively - Emphasis

How to use adverbs effectively How to use adverbs effectively Adverbs convey information about how things happen, as well as when, where and to what extent. As the name suggests, they modify verbs but they can also modify adjectives, other adverbs and whole sentences, writes Cathy Relf. For example, in the sentence I need to see you urgently, the adverb urgently tells us about the verb need. But in Recently, weve been incurring a lot of delays, the adverb recently tells us about the whole sentence. However, informative and descriptive though adverbs certainly are, you should still use them with thought and moderation like all language. We tend to use a lot of fairly meaningless adverbs in conversation, to emphasise certain points, create rhythm and elicit empathy from the listener. But good, clear writing is more about communicating your meaning efficiently than banging your point home and that means only using adverbs that add genuine, useful information. Whenever possible, show, dont tell. Some adverbs are used so frequently in speech that they have become little more than verbal tics, and these are the ones you should be particularly suspicious of if they turn up in your writing. Below are five such words, each of which you should sternly interrogate before deciding whether to grant it a place in your final draft. Interestingly Interestingly, many writers like to introduce facts with the word interestingly. Interestingly, its often followed by something that isnt. If you have an interesting observation to share, let it speak for itself. And if you have a dull but necessary fact to convey, dont try to pep it up by calling it interesting. Youll lose your readers trust, as well as their attention. Heres what happened when we asked a group of editors on Twitter how they felt about sentences beginning with interestingly. Warning: its not pretty. Use it: in speeches, to create a moment of suspense before delivering a genuinely interesting point. Dont use it: to add interest where there is none. Significantly Much like interestingly, the thing about significantly is that most truly significant things can speak for themselves. Pinpoint the reason that you know your fact is significant do you have a statistic, for example? If so, can you use that instead, and let the reader be the judge of its significance? Instead of UK tourists pay significantly less for petrol, why not UK tourists pay 8.6 per cent less for petrol? Sometimes, however, youll have expertise that your reader isnt privy to, meaning you may be able to see significance where they cant. In this case, you can use the word to signal that a particular piece of information youre conveying is significant, and then follow up on how, or why, in the next sentence. Youre basically telling your reader hold on to this bit; youll understand why in a minute. Used like this, significantly can be a useful tool for creating reader engagement. Also, its worth noting that in statistics, significant has a specific meaning, with the significance level being the amount of evidence required to indicate that a result did not happen by chance. Too often, however, significant is simply used to create persuasive, attention-grabbing sentences that gloss over an absence of evidence. For example, see this headline from the Daily Mail: Less than 6 hours sleep significantly increases risk of a stroke even if you are fit and healthy. The article gives no information about the size of the increased risk it could be one per cent higher or 100 per cent higher. The reader is left none the wiser regarding the level of significance, and the same is probably true of the writer. Use it: to highlight facts that the reader may not immediately realise are significant. Dont use it: as a substitute for real information, or to make something seem more important than it is. Obviously Before you use obviously or clearly, ask yourself three things: firstly, if its obvious to everyone, do you need to make the point at all? Take, for example, the introductory sentence to this article in The Hindu: Quite obviously, the Reserve Bank of India, while reviewing the credit policy the mid-quarter review is scheduled for later on June 18 would take note of the recent developments affecting the economy. Once you unpick the sentence, it is obvious that a bank would consider economic developments when reviewing its credit policy. But did they need to say so? After all, if its obvious, is it news? Secondly, if its not obvious to your readers, how are they going to feel? Foolish, perhaps or, worse, patronised. And, thirdly, are you using obviously to discourage questioning? (After all, who would argue with something that has been declared universally obvious?) If so, take a moment to think about why youre using such a defensive tactic. It may be that there are holes in your own argument. Use it: as little as possible. Dont use it: if its likely that the information will not be obvious to some readers. Actually Actually is a useful discourse marker in speech. We use it for emphasis, surprise, contrast or correction (we thought it would be a good move, but it was actually a mistake, no, I live in Hove, actually, he was actually trying to take all the credit himself). However, in writing, actually should be used sparingly. If youre someone who writes like a demon in first drafts, itll often end up in there because your writing tumbles out structured like speech. Its actually a great way to get a first draft on to paper, but when you go back to edit it and actually look at the contribution each word is making, thats the time to question whether theyre actually adding any value or clarity. In the sentence above, wed delete the first two actuallys, but keep the third, which subtly intensifies the action of adding value. Use it: when it adds a useful hint of contrast or surprise to the sentence. Dont use it: just because you would when speaking. Literally This is, without doubt, the adverb with the most enemies. There are whole social media accounts devoted to pointing out inappropriate uses of literally. See @literallypolice on Twitter and The Literally Tsar on Facebook, if you dont believe us. The problem with literally is that it has developed a colloquial meaning that is the opposite of its literal, or dictionary, meaning. Often, when people say literally, they mean its opposite, figuratively. The footballer Jamie Redknapp has a particular fondness for the colloquial usage of the word, according to this Guardian article (he had to cut back inside on to his left, because he literally hasnt got a right foot). Despite all this fuss, only the most pedantic person would interrupt you in the middle of a story to question whether you were literally shaking like a leaf or literally chomping at the bit. But readers are pickier than listeners, and sentences such as these seem more incongruous in black and white. So, just to be completely literal about it, here are the definitions from Collins: Literal: in exact accordance with or limited to the primary or explicit meaning of a word or text. Figurative: of the nature of, resembling, or involving a figure of speech; not literal; metaphorical. In short, if it didnt really, literally happen, dont use literally. Use it: to describe things that really happened. Dont use it: for metaphors or exaggerated expressions. Want more advice on getting the most out of your business writing? Read about our in-company High-impact business writing course. Or, if you want to train only one or two people, check out our open course sessions. Then give us a call on +44 (0)1273 732 888, email us or tweet us at @EmphasisWriting.

In What Ways Real Estate is a Conduit for Flows of Finance between Essay

In What Ways Real Estate is a Conduit for Flows of Finance between Global Cities World-Wide - Essay Example Its population was estimated to be close to one million residents (Hall 1997 p. 2) A few years ago, Manuel Castells and David Harvey began an era of stimulating research. The accomplishment was to connect the process of conglomeration of metropolis to the larger historical dynamic of industrial capitalism. From then on, the city was no longer regarded in terms of social ecology, which is dependent upon the elements of population and space. The new metropolis came to be viewed as an outcome of predominant social forces which were motivated by the capitalist concept of industrialization. This conflict between the affluent and the modest became essential to how the metropolis developed (Friedmann 1986). In the past decade the research of the metropolis has been correlated to global economics. This new perspective refined insights into the dynamics of urban change. This enabled a required spatial approach on an economic system which has transcended national boundaries. The objective of t his introduction is to research as basically as possible the main hypothesis which connect the formation of metropolis to worldwide economic processes. This is intended to develop a framework for academic investigation. This academic research is composed of political considerations. These global cities have become the launching platform for global capitalism. There is a contrasting relationship. between industrialization in this time of global administration and the political affiliation of territorial concerns. This enables the comprehension of the processes which occur in the global cities and what is the causal attribution of political disagreement. There are several aspects which will be reviewed. These aspects are the following: The manner and development of a global city's entry into the global economy and the tasks which are delegated in the global city. In the global city, the new system of production will be pivotal for any basic developments which occur. The global cities of the world are perceived as being points. This perspective is based on industrialization and economic perspectives. Global cities are the points of arrival for large populations of domestic and international migration. The inception of global cities forms a perspective of the major contrasts and idiosyncrasies of industrialization. These contrasts and idiosyncrasies include territorial and economic separation Global city development produces social expenses which overshadow the social and economic capacity of the local governments. The exception being the city of Tokyo which is an attribute of Japanese industrialization. Tokyo has been able to succeed in deterring foreign economic interests from making major economic injections in this global city. The economic potential of the global city dissipates under the multiple influences of dependent local economic situations and the worldwide economic situation (Friedmann 1986). Literature Review Goldman Sachs has been an important influ ence in the UK and the Euro zone The new prime minister of Greece, Lucas Papademos is a former employee of the European Central Bank and Goldman Sachs. Goldman Sachs is a high profile US concern whose impact is of great significance in the UK as it is in the Euro zone The previous director general of the Italian treasury, Mario Draghi, is also a former employee of Goldman Sachs. The probable candidate for Berlusconi's post in Italy , Mario Monti, is also an interest of Goldman Sachs. Is it a coincidence that many of the

Killer Profile Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Killer Profile - Essay Example People involved in violent crimes tend to fit the profile described by the profiler in this case, but here there is no evidence to suggest the killer fits these behavioural categories. The description of the characteristics of this individual are also extremely broad. A large number of men would fit this profile. There are many men out there who are angry and slightly paranoid, who drink too much and have an interest in guns and military matters. There is nothing particular or detailed about this description, nothing which will lead investigators directly to their man. These kinds of profiles can be counter-productive. They tend to create a schema in the investigators mind. They then have trouble thinking outside of the box. They look only for a men of a certain background and age and disposition. The best example of a profile throwing off an investigation—and indeed leading to the preventable deaths of many individuals—occurred in the course of the Beltway Sniper investigation. A similar profile was presented to investigators: the shooter was to be a white man of a certain age, paranoid and with background in the military or law enforcement. Investigators combed DC and its suburbs looking for such people. In fact, the sniping turned out to be the work of an African American man and his 17-year-old son. What seemed to be the work of one man was the work of two—and the profile was completely wrong. If investigators had simply kept more of an open mind they would likely have found the Beltway Sniper before he could do such damag e. There are however some advantages to following the suggestions of this profile. To being with it provides a starting point. Just because it may be a kind of default profile doesn’t mean that it isn’t accurate. The notion that the killer has an explosive temper and does not respond well under pressure and that he has a paranoid mindframe